Encoding and Decoding of Pain Relief in the Human Brain

Financial support was generously provided by the WD Armstrong Fund and the Cambridge Trust.

[1]  A. Craig,et al.  How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness , 2009, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[2]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  Placebo-Induced Changes in fMRI in the Anticipation and Experience of Pain , 2004, Science.

[3]  R. J Dolan,et al.  Dissociable Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Responses during Reversal Fear Conditioning , 2022 .

[4]  R. Helme,et al.  The effect of age on Aδ- and C-fibre thermal pain perception , 1996, Pain.

[5]  M. Fendt,et al.  Onset and offset of aversive events establish distinct memories requiring fear and reward networks. , 2012, Learning & memory.

[6]  D. Chialvo,et al.  Beyond Feeling: Chronic Pain Hurts the Brain, Disrupting the Default-Mode Network Dynamics , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[7]  C. Büchel,et al.  Activation of the Opioidergic Descending Pain Control System Underlies Placebo Analgesia , 2009, Neuron.

[8]  J. Overmier,et al.  Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding. , 1967, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[9]  Patricia H Janak,et al.  Safety Encoding in the Basal Amygdala , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[10]  Thomas E. Nichols,et al.  Placebo Effects Mediated by Endogenous Opioid Activity on μ-Opioid Receptors , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[11]  J. H. Curtis,et al.  Learning Theory and Behavior , 1960 .

[12]  T. Schnitzer,et al.  Shape shifting pain: chronification of back pain shifts brain representation from nociceptive to emotional circuits. , 2013, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[13]  Raymond J. Dolan,et al.  Disentangling the Roles of Approach, Activation and Valence in Instrumental and Pavlovian Responding , 2011, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[14]  B. Balleine,et al.  Lesions of dorsolateral striatum preserve outcome expectancy but disrupt habit formation in instrumental learning , 2004, The European journal of neuroscience.

[15]  K. Wiech,et al.  Influence of prior information on pain involves biased perceptual decision-making , 2014, Current Biology.

[16]  Susanne Becker,et al.  Different Brain Circuitries Mediating Controllable and Uncontrollable Pain , 2016, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[17]  C. Helmchen,et al.  Effects of perceived and exerted pain control on neural activity during pain relief in experimental heat hyperalgesia: A fMRI study , 2012, European journal of pain.

[18]  T. Johnstone,et al.  Perceived Controllability Modulates the Neural Response to Pain , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[19]  R. Davidson,et al.  The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex , 2011, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[20]  E. Navratilova,et al.  Reward and motivation in pain and pain relief , 2014, Nature Neuroscience.

[21]  I. Peretz,et al.  Cerebral and spinal modulation of pain by emotions , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[22]  M. Baliki,et al.  Predicting Value of Pain and Analgesia: Nucleus Accumbens Response to Noxious Stimuli Changes in the Presence of Chronic Pain , 2010, Neuron.

[23]  H. Fields,et al.  The affective component of pain in rodents: Direct evidence for a contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  Richard J. Davidson,et al.  Functional neuroanatomy of aversion and its anticipation , 2006, NeuroImage.

[25]  Iasp Subcommittee on Taxonomy Pain terms a current list with definitions and notes on usage , 1986, Pain.

[26]  Ravi S. Menon,et al.  Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain. , 1999, Science.

[27]  A. Craig How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body , 2002, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[28]  D. Timmann Classically conditioned withdrawal reflex in cerebellar patients , 2000 .

[29]  L. Arendt-Nielsen,et al.  Modulation of heat evoked nociceptive withdrawal reflexes by painful intramuscular conditioning stimulation , 2006, Experimental Brain Research.

[30]  Richard S. Sutton,et al.  Adapting Bias by Gradient Descent: An Incremental Version of Delta-Bar-Delta , 1992, AAAI.

[31]  Raymond J. Dolan,et al.  Striatal dysfunction during reversal learning in unmedicated schizophrenia patients☆ , 2014, NeuroImage.

[32]  W. Schultz Behavioral theories and the neurophysiology of reward. , 2006, Annual review of psychology.

[33]  Suyi Zhang,et al.  An automatic classifier of pain scores in chronic pain patients from local field potentials recordings , 2013, 2013 6th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER).

[34]  I. Kirsch,et al.  Classical conditioning and the placebo effect , 1997, PAIN.

[35]  J. Mirenowicz,et al.  Dissociation of Pavlovian and instrumental incentive learning under dopamine antagonists. , 2000, Behavioral neuroscience.

[36]  Timothy E. J. Behrens,et al.  Tools of the trade: psychophysiological interactions and functional connectivity. , 2012, Social cognitive and affective neuroscience.

[37]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Dissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning , 2004, Science.

[38]  M. Bradley Natural selective attention: orienting and emotion. , 2009, Psychophysiology.

[39]  Anders M. Dale,et al.  An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest , 2006, NeuroImage.

[40]  R. Bellman A Markovian Decision Process , 1957 .

[41]  Luana Colloca,et al.  The role of learning in nocebo and placebo effects , 2008 .

[42]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior , 2005, Neuron.

[43]  J. O'Doherty,et al.  Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain , 2004, Science.

[44]  B. Balleine,et al.  Goal-directed instrumental action: contingency and incentive learning and their cortical substrates , 1998, Neuropharmacology.

[45]  D. Grupe,et al.  Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective , 2013, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[46]  Morten L. Kringelbach,et al.  MEG Can Map Short and Long-Term Changes in Brain Activity following Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain , 2012, PloS one.

[47]  M. Andrés Learning and behavior: A contemporary synthesis , 2008 .

[48]  Peter Dayan,et al.  The Protective Action Encoding of Serotonin Transients in the Human Brain , 2018, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[49]  R. Treede,et al.  Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease , 2005, European journal of pain.

[50]  I. Kirsch,et al.  Is the rationale more important than deception? A randomized controlled trial of open-label placebo analgesia , 2017, Pain.

[51]  Donald M. Wilson,et al.  Behavioral Neuroscience , 2022 .

[52]  P. Dayan,et al.  States versus Rewards: Dissociable Neural Prediction Error Signals Underlying Model-Based and Model-Free Reinforcement Learning , 2010, Neuron.

[53]  J. Zubieta,et al.  Placebo effects on human μ-opioid activity during pain , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[54]  Rainer Goebel,et al.  Information-based functional brain mapping. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[55]  Daphna Shohamy,et al.  Representation of aversive prediction errors in the human periaqueductal gray , 2014, Nature Neuroscience.

[56]  T. Robbins,et al.  Dissociable Learning Processes Underlie Human Pain Conditioning , 2016, Current Biology.

[57]  Joseph W. Kable,et al.  Medial prefrontal cortical activity reflects dynamic re-evaluation during voluntary persistence , 2015, Nature Neuroscience.

[58]  H. Fields State-dependent opioid control of pain , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[59]  Richard J. Davidson,et al.  Neural Emotion Regulation Circuitry Underlying Anxiolytic Effects of Perceived Control over Pain , 2014, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[60]  Daniel C. McNamee,et al.  Neural and Computational Representations of Decision Variables , 2015 .

[61]  Nils Lid Hjort,et al.  Model Selection and Model Averaging , 2001 .

[62]  J. Steinmetz,et al.  Acquisition of classical conditioning without cerebellar cortex , 1989, Behavioural Brain Research.

[63]  David Borsook,et al.  Signal valence in the nucleus accumbens to pain onset and offset , 2008, European journal of pain.

[64]  N. Daw,et al.  Characterizing a psychiatric symptom dimension related to deficits in goal-directed control , 2016, eLife.

[65]  Ryan K. Jessup,et al.  Differentiable contributions of human amygdalar subregions in the computations underlying reward and avoidance learning , 2011, The European journal of neuroscience.

[66]  D. Bouhassira,et al.  Neuropharmacological basis of rTMS-induced analgesia: The role of endogenous opioids , 2011, PAIN®.

[67]  Sergio Tufik,et al.  Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review , 2004, Brain Research.

[68]  J. O'Doherty,et al.  Model‐Based fMRI and Its Application to Reward Learning and Decision Making , 2007, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[69]  Roland Deutsch,et al.  How absent negativity relates to affect and motivation: an integrative relief model , 2015, Front. Psychol..

[70]  Matt Jones,et al.  The dynamics of pain: evidence for simultaneous site-specific habituation and site-nonspecific sensitization in thermal pain. , 2014, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[71]  P. Holland,et al.  Different Roles for Amygdala Central Nucleus and Substantia Innominata in the Surprise-Induced Enhancement of Learning , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[72]  I. Tracey,et al.  A common neurobiology for pain and pleasure , 2008, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[73]  J. Bermúdez Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Science of the Mind , 2020 .

[74]  W. Schultz Updating dopamine reward signals , 2013, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[75]  H. Fields,et al.  Endogenous Opioid Activity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Is Required for Relief of Pain , 2015, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[76]  R. Turner,et al.  Characterizing Dynamic Brain Responses with fMRI: A Multivariate Approach , 1995, NeuroImage.

[77]  N Ramnani,et al.  A probabilistic MR atlas of the human cerebellum , 2009, NeuroImage.

[78]  Robert Babuska,et al.  A Survey of Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning: Standard and Natural Policy Gradients , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews).

[79]  Thomas J. Schnitzer,et al.  Corticostriatal functional connectivity predicts transition to chronic back pain , 2012, Nature Neuroscience.

[80]  M. Millan,et al.  The induction of pain: an integrative review , 1999, Progress in Neurobiology.

[81]  J. O'Doherty,et al.  Is Avoiding an Aversive Outcome Rewarding? Neural Substrates of Avoidance Learning in the Human Brain , 2006, PLoS biology.

[82]  R. Dantzer The Psychology of Fear and Stress, J.A. Gray (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1987), viii and 422 pp, ISBN 0-521-27098-7 , 1989 .

[83]  R. Taylor,et al.  The Costs and Consequences of Adequately Managed Chronic Non‐Cancer Pain and Chronic Neuropathic Pain , 2014, Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain.

[84]  N. Daw,et al.  Differential roles of human striatum and amygdala in associative learning , 2011, Nature Neuroscience.

[85]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach , 1994 .

[86]  Jeremy D. Schmahmann,et al.  The cerebellum and pain: Passive integrator or active participator? , 2010, Brain Research Reviews.

[87]  Thomas Brochier,et al.  Does the Processing of Sensory and Reward-Prediction Errors Involve Common Neural Resources? Evidence from a Frontocentral Negative Potential Modulated by Movement Execution Errors , 2014, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[88]  Thomas E. Nichols,et al.  Handbook of Functional MRI Data Analysis: Index , 2011 .

[89]  Ravi S. Menon,et al.  Imaging Attentional Modulation of Pain in the Periaqueductal Gray in Humans , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[90]  R. Dolan,et al.  Computations of uncertainty mediate acute stress responses in humans , 2016, Nature Communications.

[91]  Guillem R. Esber,et al.  Neural Correlates of Variations in Event Processing during Learning in Basolateral Amygdala , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[92]  S. Braver,et al.  The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods , 1986, Pain.

[93]  P. Corr Approach and Avoidance Behaviour: Multiple Systems and their Interactions , 2013 .

[94]  A. Schleicher,et al.  Receptor architecture of human cingulate cortex: Evaluation of the four‐region neurobiological model , 2009, Human brain mapping.

[95]  Mark Holden,et al.  A Review of Geometric Transformations for Nonrigid Body Registration , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[96]  P. Dayan,et al.  Serotonin Selectively Modulates Reward Value in Human Decision-Making , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[97]  M. L. Le Pelley The Role of Associative History in Models of Associative Learning: A Selective Review and a Hybrid Model , 2004, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. B, Comparative and physiological psychology.

[98]  Takeo Watanabe,et al.  Perceptual learning incepted by decoded fMRI neurofeedback without stimulus presentation , 2012 .

[99]  R. Paz,et al.  Safety Signals in the Primate Amygdala , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[100]  I. Tracey,et al.  The importance of context: When relative relief renders pain pleasant , 2013, PAIN®.

[101]  J. Zubieta,et al.  Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[102]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  From Fear to Safety and Back: Reversal of Fear in the Human Brain , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[103]  Timothy E. J. Behrens,et al.  Learning the value of information in an uncertain world , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[104]  Ravi S. Menon,et al.  Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[105]  Niels Birbaumer,et al.  The role of operant conditioning in chronic pain: an experimental investigation , 2002, Pain.

[106]  A. Apkarian,et al.  The brain in chronic pain: clinical implications. , 2011, Pain management.

[107]  H. Fields,et al.  THE MECHANISM OF PLACEBO ANALGESIA , 1978, The Lancet.

[108]  Joseph J. Paton,et al.  The primate amygdala represents the positive and negative value of visual stimuli during learning , 2006, Nature.

[109]  E. Thorndike The fundamentals of learning , 1972 .

[110]  P. Dayan,et al.  Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates sensitivity to decision outcome value in Parkinson’s disease , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[111]  P. Petrovic,et al.  Placebo and Opioid Analgesia-- Imaging a Shared Neuronal Network , 2002, Science.

[112]  David Borsook,et al.  Neuroimaging of the periaqueductal gray: State of the field , 2012, NeuroImage.

[113]  N. Logothetis,et al.  Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal , 2001, Nature.

[114]  Dante R. Chialvo,et al.  Chronic pain patients are impaired on an emotional decision-making task , 2004, Pain.

[115]  Matthew D. Lieberman,et al.  The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is selective for pain: Results from large-scale reverse inference , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[116]  Peter C. Holland,et al.  Mini-review: Prediction errors, attention and associative learning , 2016, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[117]  Tor D. Wager,et al.  The neuroscience of placebo effects: connecting context, learning and health , 2015, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[118]  Joachim M. Buhmann,et al.  Decoding the perception of pain from fMRI using multivariate pattern analysis , 2012, NeuroImage.

[119]  Cyril R. Pernet,et al.  Misconceptions in the use of the General Linear Model applied to functional MRI: a tutorial for junior neuro-imagers , 2014, Front. Neurosci..

[120]  K. Worsley,et al.  Unified univariate and multivariate random field theory , 2004, NeuroImage.

[121]  Richard S. Sutton,et al.  Introduction to Reinforcement Learning , 1998 .

[122]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Bayesian model selection for group studies , 2009, NeuroImage.

[123]  Gian Domenico Iannetti,et al.  A multisensory investigation of the functional significance of the “pain matrix” , 2011, NeuroImage.

[124]  Gwen Littlewort,et al.  Automatic coding of facial expressions displayed during posed and genuine pain , 2009, Image Vis. Comput..

[125]  P. Dayan,et al.  Model-based influences on humans’ choices and striatal prediction errors , 2011, Neuron.

[126]  M. Seligman,et al.  Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. , 1976 .

[127]  V. Candia,et al.  Prefrontal cortex modulates placebo analgesia , 2010, PAIN®.

[128]  Gian Domenico Iannetti,et al.  The "Pain Matrix" in Pain-Free Individuals. , 2016, JAMA neurology.

[129]  G. Dussor,et al.  Central modulation of pain. , 2010, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[130]  E. Coutureau,et al.  Pavlovian to instrumental transfer: A neurobehavioural perspective , 2010, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[131]  Katja Wiech,et al.  Deconstructing the sensation of pain: The influence of cognitive processes on pain perception , 2016, Science.

[132]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Dynamic causal modelling of anticipatory skin conductance responses , 2010, Biological Psychology.

[133]  P. Pauli,et al.  Pain predictability reverses valence ratings of a relief-associated stimulus , 2013, Front. Syst. Neurosci..

[134]  Chris Watkins,et al.  Learning from delayed rewards , 1989 .

[135]  Ronald E. Dahl,et al.  Nothing to Fear? Neural Systems Supporting Avoidance Behavior in Healthy Youths Nih Public Access Introduction , 2022 .

[136]  S. Debener,et al.  Trial-by-Trial Fluctuations in the Event-Related Electroencephalogram Reflect Dynamic Changes in the Degree of Surprise , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[137]  R. Solomon The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: the costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. , 1980, The American psychologist.

[138]  Kai Li,et al.  Computational approaches to fMRI analysis , 2017, Nature Neuroscience.

[139]  K. Wiech,et al.  Neurocognitive aspects of pain perception , 2008, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[140]  A. Dickinson,et al.  Comparison of the conditioned reinforcing properties of a safety signal and appetitive stimulus: effects of d-amphetamine and anxiolytics , 2013, Psychopharmacology.

[141]  C. Carver,et al.  Origins and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect: A Control-Process View. , 1990 .

[142]  M. Dawson,et al.  The electrodermal system , 2007 .

[143]  Thomas T. Liu,et al.  A component based noise correction method (CompCor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI , 2007, NeuroImage.

[144]  V. B. Domesick Projections from the cingulate cortex in the rat. , 1969, Brain research.

[145]  Dimitri Van De Ville,et al.  Meta-analysis of real-time fMRI neurofeedback studies using individual participant data: How is brain regulation mediated? , 2016, NeuroImage.

[146]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Analysis of functional MRI time‐series , 1994, Human Brain Mapping.

[147]  J. Farrar,et al.  The dorsal posterior insula subserves a fundamental role in human pain , 2015, Nature Neuroscience.

[148]  Florent Meyniel,et al.  Human Inferences about Sequences: A Minimal Transition Probability Model , 2016, bioRxiv.

[149]  Ronald Melzack,et al.  Handbook of pain assessment , 1992 .

[150]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Opponent appetitive-aversive neural processes underlie predictive learning of pain relief , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[151]  Karl J. Friston Functional and Effective Connectivity: A Review , 2011, Brain Connect..

[152]  Michael J. Frank,et al.  Within and across-trial dynamics of human EEG reveal cooperative interplay between reinforcement learning and working memory , 2017, bioRxiv.

[153]  Jeremy D. Schmahmann,et al.  Functional topography in the human cerebellum: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies , 2009, NeuroImage.

[154]  J. Borckardt,et al.  Endogenous opioids mediate left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rTMS-induced analgesia , 2012, PAIN.

[155]  Irene Tracey,et al.  The Cerebral Signature for Pain Perception and Its Modulation , 2007, Neuron.

[156]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Time-series analysis for rapid event-related skin conductance responses , 2009, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[157]  S. Clare,et al.  Imaging how attention modulates pain in humans using functional MRI. , 2002, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[158]  S. Maier,et al.  Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[159]  John D E Gabrieli,et al.  Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[160]  P. Holland,et al.  Amygdala–frontal interactions and reward expectancy , 2004, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[161]  C. Porro,et al.  Neural bases of conditioned placebo analgesia , 2010, PAIN®.

[162]  W. Willis,et al.  The cerebellum: organization, functions and its role in nociception , 2003, Brain Research Reviews.

[163]  Andrew C. N. Chen,et al.  Contact heat evoked potentials as a valid means to study nociceptive pathways in human subjects , 2001, Neuroscience Letters.

[164]  Michael Davis,et al.  The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. , 1992, Annual review of neuroscience.

[165]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  A higher-order theory of emotional consciousness , 2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[166]  B. Balleine,et al.  Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control: Corticostriatal Determinants of Goal-Directed and Habitual Action , 2010, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[167]  F. Kolb,et al.  Differences in unconditioned and conditioned responses of the human withdrawal reflex during stance: Muscle responses and biomechanical data , 2010, Brain Research.

[168]  D. Price,et al.  The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain , 1983, Pain.

[169]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Degeneracy and cognitive anatomy , 2002, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[170]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation , 1996, Human brain mapping.

[171]  R. Buxton The physics of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) , 2013, Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society.

[172]  TD Wagera,et al.  Pain in the ACC ? , .

[173]  V. Bracha,et al.  Storage of a naturally acquired conditioned response is impaired in patients with cerebellar degeneration , 2013, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[174]  O. Lipp,et al.  Does emotion modulate the blink reflex in human conditioning? Startle potentiation during pleasant and unpleasant cues in the picture-picture paradigm. , 2007, Psychophysiology.

[175]  S. Waxman,et al.  Pain Perception: Multiple Matrices or One? , 2016, JAMA neurology.

[176]  M. Bushnell,et al.  Cognitive and emotional control of pain and its disruption in chronic pain , 2013, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[177]  Timothy E. J. Behrens,et al.  Review Frontal Cortex and Reward-guided Learning and Decision-making Figure 1. Frontal Brain Regions in the Macaque Involved in Reward-guided Learning and Decision-making Finer Grained Anatomical Divisions with Frontal Cortical Systems for Reward-guided Behavior , 2022 .

[178]  C. Curtis,et al.  Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[179]  M. Kringelbach The human orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience , 2005, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[180]  E. Murray The amygdala, reward and emotion , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[181]  M. Seligman,et al.  Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience. , 2016, Psychological review.

[182]  Katja Wiech,et al.  Prestimulus functional connectivity determines pain perception in humans , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[183]  C. Büchel,et al.  Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: rACC recruitment of a subcortical antinociceptive network , 2006, Pain.

[184]  J. Andersson,et al.  Relief as a Reward: Hedonic and Neural Responses to Safety from Pain , 2011, PloS one.

[185]  T. Egner,et al.  Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex , 2011, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[186]  P. Dayan,et al.  Uncertainty-based competition between prefrontal and dorsolateral striatal systems for behavioral control , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[187]  R. Dolan,et al.  Uncertainty Increases Pain: Evidence for a Novel Mechanism of Pain Modulation Involving the Periaqueductal Gray , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[188]  The yoked control design. , 1989 .

[189]  D. Whitteridge Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes , 1942, Nature.

[190]  Richard J. Davidson,et al.  Individual Differences in the Effects of Perceived Controllability on Pain Perception: Critical Role of the Prefrontal Cortex , 2007, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[191]  Joseph E. LeDoux,et al.  Extinction resistant changes in the human auditory association cortex following threat learning , 2014, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[192]  J. Vlaeyen Learning to predict and control harmful events: chronic pain and conditioning , 2015, Pain.

[193]  B. Vogt Pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus , 2005, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[194]  B. Seymour,et al.  Technology for Chronic Pain , 2014, Current Biology.

[195]  Claudia Plant,et al.  Decoding an individual's sensitivity to pain from the multivariate analysis of EEG data. , 2012, Cerebral cortex.

[196]  Andreas C. Themistocleous,et al.  A brain-based pain facilitation mechanism contributes to painful diabetic polyneuropathy , 2018, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[197]  R. Rescorla A theory of pavlovian conditioning: The effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement , 1972 .

[198]  A M Dale,et al.  Optimal experimental design for event‐related fMRI , 1999, Human brain mapping.

[199]  S. Maier,et al.  Stressor controllability and learned helplessness: The roles of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor , 2005, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[200]  J. Steinmetz Brain substrates of classical eyeblink conditioning: a highly localized but also distributed system , 2000, Behavioural Brain Research.

[201]  Sham M. Kakade,et al.  Opponent interactions between serotonin and dopamine , 2002, Neural Networks.

[202]  V. Napadow,et al.  Disrupted functional connectivity of the periaqueductal gray in chronic low back pain , 2014, NeuroImage: Clinical.

[203]  M. Baliki,et al.  Towards a theory of chronic pain , 2009, Progress in Neurobiology.

[204]  B. Balleine,et al.  The Role of the Dorsal Striatum in Reward and Decision-Making , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[205]  Mathijs Franssen,et al.  Acquisition and extinction of operant pain-related avoidance behavior using a 3 degrees-of-freedom robotic arm , 2016, Pain.

[206]  P. Glimcher,et al.  Testing the Reward Prediction Error Hypothesis with an Axiomatic Model , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[207]  D Timmann,et al.  Cerebellar responses evoked by nociceptive leg withdrawal reflex as revealed by event-related FMRI. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[208]  I. J. Myung,et al.  Tutorial on maximum likelihood estimation , 2003 .

[209]  G Tononi,et al.  Measures of degeneracy and redundancy in biological networks. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[210]  R. Lazarus Cognition and motivation in emotion. , 1991, The American psychologist.

[211]  Editedby Eleanor Criswell,et al.  Cram's Introduction to Surface Electromyography , 2010 .

[212]  P. Schweinhardt,et al.  Doubling Your Payoff: Winning Pain Relief Engages Endogenous Pain Inhibition1,2,3 , 2015, eNeuro.

[213]  M. Gallagher,et al.  Amygdala central nucleus lesions disrupt increments, but not decrements, in conditioned stimulus processing. , 1993, Behavioral neuroscience.

[214]  Christian Büchel,et al.  Functional dissociation of stimulus intensity encoding and predictive coding of pain in the insula , 2017, eLife.

[215]  Nathaniel D. Daw,et al.  Selective impairment of prediction error signaling in human dorsolateral but not ventral striatum in Parkinson's disease patients: evidence from a model-based fMRI study , 2010, NeuroImage.

[216]  Joseph E LeDoux Coming to terms with fear , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[217]  K. Doya,et al.  The computational neurobiology of learning and reward , 2006, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[218]  L. Shah,et al.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging. , 2010, Seminars in roentgenology.

[219]  Satrajit S. Ghosh,et al.  BIDS apps: Improving ease of use, accessibility, and reproducibility of neuroimaging data analysis methods , 2016, bioRxiv.

[220]  B. Balleine,et al.  Parallel incentive processing: an integrated view of amygdala function , 2006, Trends in Neurosciences.

[221]  W. Schultz,et al.  Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[222]  Guillem R. Esber,et al.  Surprise! Neural correlates of Pearce–Hall and Rescorla–Wagner coexist within the brain , 2012, The European journal of neuroscience.

[223]  Gershon Ben-Shakhar,et al.  Psychophysiologic assessment of aversive conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder , 2000, Biological Psychiatry.

[224]  Gary H. Glover,et al.  The bivalent side of the nucleus accumbens , 2009, NeuroImage.

[225]  T. Maia Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain: Successes and challenges , 2009, Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience.

[226]  H. Fields,et al.  Pain modulation: expectation, opioid analgesia and virtual pain. , 2000, Progress in brain research.

[227]  P. Strick,et al.  Cerebellar Loops with Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex of a Nonhuman Primate , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[228]  Ming Hsu,et al.  Neural Mechanisms of Updating under Reducible and Irreducible Uncertainty , 2017, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[229]  H. T. Blair,et al.  Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in the amygdala and periaqueductal gray , 2010, Nature Neuroscience.

[230]  Lionel Rigoux,et al.  VBA: A Probabilistic Treatment of Nonlinear Models for Neurobiological and Behavioural Data , 2014, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[231]  O. Hikosaka,et al.  Lateral habenula as a source of negative reward signals in dopamine neurons , 2007, Nature.

[232]  P. Holland,et al.  Amount of training and stimulus salience affect associability changes in serial conditioning , 2002, Behavioural Processes.

[233]  P. Dayan,et al.  Reward, Motivation, and Reinforcement Learning , 2002, Neuron.

[234]  Shinsuke Shimojo,et al.  Neural Computations Underlying Arbitration between Model-Based and Model-free Learning , 2013, Neuron.

[235]  Till Sprenger,et al.  Distraction modulates connectivity of the cingulo-frontal cortex and the midbrain during pain—an fMRI analysis , 2004, Pain.

[236]  Nikolaus Weiskopf,et al.  Anterolateral Prefrontal Cortex Mediates the Analgesic Effect of Expected and Perceived Control over Pain , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[237]  M. Kawato,et al.  Functional MRI neurofeedback training on connectivity between two regions induces long-lasting changes in intrinsic functional network , 2015, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[238]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Action-Specific Value Signals in Reward-Related Regions of the Human Brain , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[239]  Further Particulars GATSBY COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE UNIT , 2003 .

[240]  D. Bannerman,et al.  Aversive Prediction Error Signals in the Amygdala , 2014, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[241]  Angela J. Yu,et al.  Uncertainty, Neuromodulation, and Attention , 2005, Neuron.

[242]  Anne G E Collins,et al.  How much of reinforcement learning is working memory, not reinforcement learning? A behavioral, computational, and neurogenetic analysis , 2012, The European journal of neuroscience.

[243]  Stuart W. G. Derbyshire,et al.  Offset analgesia is mediated by activation in the region of the periaqueductal grey and rostral ventromedial medulla , 2009, NeuroImage.

[244]  James A. Waltz,et al.  Interactions Among Working Memory, Reinforcement Learning, and Effort in Value-Based Choice: A New Paradigm and Selective Deficits in Schizophrenia , 2017, Biological Psychiatry.

[245]  M. Kringelbach,et al.  Translational principles of deep brain stimulation , 2007, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[246]  H. Schaible,et al.  Afferent and spinal mechanisms of joint pain , 1993, Pain.

[247]  M. Gold,et al.  Nociceptor sensitization in pain pathogenesis , 2010, Nature Medicine.

[248]  K. Craig,et al.  Updating the definition of pain. , 2016, Pain.

[249]  B. Balleine,et al.  The Role of Learning in the Operation of Motivational Systems , 2002 .

[250]  Martin N. Hebart,et al.  The Decoding Toolbox (TDT): a versatile software package for multivariate analyses of functional imaging data , 2015, Front. Neuroinform..

[251]  R. Rescorla Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning. , 1968, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[252]  Y. Saitoh,et al.  Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex for neuropathic pain: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, crossover, sham-controlled trial , 2013, PAIN®.

[253]  Anthony K. P. Jones,et al.  Pain processing during three levels of noxious stimulation produces differential patterns of central activity , 1997, Pain.

[254]  R. Dolan,et al.  Dopamine and Effort-Based Decision Making , 2011, Front. Neurosci..

[255]  A. Dickinson,et al.  Neuronal coding of prediction errors. , 2000, Annual review of neuroscience.

[256]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Degenerate neuronal systems sustaining cognitive functions , 2004, Journal of anatomy.

[257]  B. Everitt,et al.  Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex , 2002, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[258]  Kae Nakamura,et al.  Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons , 2015 .

[259]  A I Basbaum,et al.  Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. , 1984, Annual review of neuroscience.

[260]  Suzanne M. Miller,et al.  Controllability and human stress: method, evidence and theory. , 1979, Behaviour research and therapy.

[261]  Olivia K. Faull,et al.  Connectivity‐based segmentation of the periaqueductal gray matter in human with brainstem optimized diffusion MRI , 2015, Human brain mapping.

[262]  R. O’Reilly,et al.  Computational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience: Understanding the Mind by Simulating the Brain , 2000 .

[263]  B. Skinner,et al.  The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis , 2016 .

[264]  B. Seymour Aversive reinforcement learning , 2010 .

[265]  N. Mackintosh,et al.  Conditioning And Associative Learning , 1983 .

[266]  K. Craig,et al.  Social communication model of pain. , 2015, Pain.

[267]  Peter Dayan,et al.  Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems , 2001 .

[268]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  From affect to control: Functional specialization of the insula in motivation and regulation , 2017, bioRxiv.

[269]  R. Solomon,et al.  An Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation , 1978 .

[270]  D. Tank,et al.  Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[271]  E. Thorndike Animal Intelligence; Experimental Studies , 2009 .

[272]  S. Kakade,et al.  Learning and selective attention , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[273]  D. Blanchard,et al.  Ethoexperimental approaches to the biology of emotion. , 1988, Annual review of psychology.

[274]  David J. C. MacKay,et al.  Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[275]  Nikos K. Logothetis,et al.  fMRI at High Spatial Resolution: Implications for BOLD-Models , 2016, Front. Comput. Neurosci..

[276]  Andrea Bergmann,et al.  Statistical Parametric Mapping The Analysis Of Functional Brain Images , 2016 .

[277]  R. Turner,et al.  Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[278]  Joseph E. LeDoux,et al.  Semantics, Surplus Meaning, and the Science of Fear , 2017, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[279]  Frank Baeyens,et al.  Habituation and the interference of pain with task performance , 1997, Pain.

[280]  M. Kawato,et al.  Internal forward models in the cerebellum: fMRI study on grip force and load force coupling. , 2003, Progress in brain research.

[281]  D. Bach,et al.  Optimising a model-based approach to inferring fear learning from skin conductance responses , 2015, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[282]  T. Robbins,et al.  Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[283]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  The Homeostatic Logic of Reward , 2018, bioRxiv.

[284]  R Gassert,et al.  Accurate real-time feedback of surface EMG during fMRI. , 2007, Journal of neurophysiology.

[285]  Ken-ichi Amemori,et al.  Localized Microstimulation of Primate Pregenual Cingulate Cortex Induces Negative Decision-Making , 2012, Nature Neuroscience.

[286]  B. Vogt,et al.  Architecture and neurocytology of monkey cingulate gyrus , 2005, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[287]  H. Watabe,et al.  Cerebral decreases in opioid receptor binding in patients with central neuropathic pain measured by [11C]diprenorphine binding and PET , 2004, European journal of pain.

[288]  Brent A. Vogt,et al.  Cingulate Neurobiology and Disease , 2009 .

[289]  Joseph J. Paton,et al.  Expectation Modulates Neural Responses to Pleasant and Aversive Stimuli in Primate Amygdala , 2007, Neuron.

[290]  P. Montague,et al.  Neural Economics and the Biological Substrates of Valuation , 2002, Neuron.

[291]  K. Wiech,et al.  Differential structural and resting state connectivity between insular subdivisions and other pain-related brain regions , 2014, PAIN®.

[292]  M. Bradley,et al.  Emotional learning, hedonic change, and the startle probe. , 1993, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[293]  Janaina Mourão Miranda,et al.  Quantitative prediction of subjective pain intensity from whole-brain fMRI data using Gaussian processes , 2010, NeuroImage.

[294]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Mixed-effects and fMRI studies , 2005, NeuroImage.

[295]  L. Becerra,et al.  Analogous responses in the nucleus accumbens and cingulate cortex to pain onset (aversion) and offset (relief) in rats and humans. , 2013, Journal of neurophysiology.

[296]  S. Ochs Integrative Activity of the Brain: An Interdisciplinary Approach , 1968 .

[297]  Martin A Lindquist,et al.  Quantifying cerebral contributions to pain beyond nociception , 2017, Nature Communications.

[298]  Y. Niv,et al.  Dialogues on prediction errors , 2008, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[299]  R. Church,et al.  SYSTEMATIC EFFECT OF RANDOM ERROR IN THE YOKED CONTROL DESIGN. , 1964, Psychological bulletin.

[300]  Timothy Edward John Behrens,et al.  Effort-Based Cost–Benefit Valuation and the Human Brain , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[301]  E. Navratilova,et al.  Reward, motivation, and emotion of pain and its relief , 2017, Pain.

[302]  Liat Levita,et al.  Avoidance of harm and anxiety: A role for the nucleus accumbens , 2012, NeuroImage.

[303]  O. Arthurs,et al.  How well do we understand the neural origins of the fMRI BOLD signal? , 2002, Trends in Neurosciences.

[304]  R. DeCharms Applications of real-time fMRI , 2008, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[305]  D. Powell,et al.  Efferent connections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rabbit , 2007, Experimental Brain Research.

[306]  Nicole E. Burma,et al.  Animal models of chronic pain: Advances and challenges for clinical translation , 2017, Journal of neuroscience research.

[307]  B. Balleine,et al.  A specific role for posterior dorsolateral striatum in human habit learning , 2009, The European journal of neuroscience.

[308]  M. Fendt,et al.  Pain-relief learning in flies, rats, and man: basic research and applied perspectives , 2014, Learning & memory.

[309]  N. Bolger,et al.  Brain Mediators of Predictive Cue Effects on Perceived Pain , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[310]  M. Jensen,et al.  The meaning of pain relief in a clinical trial. , 2005, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[311]  Peter Bossaerts,et al.  Evidence for Model-based Computations in the Human Amygdala during Pavlovian Conditioning , 2013, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[312]  J. Pearce,et al.  A model for Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. , 1980 .

[313]  Masa-aki Sato,et al.  Sparse estimation automatically selects voxels relevant for the decoding of fMRI activity patterns , 2008, NeuroImage.

[314]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  A Bayesian Foundation for Individual Learning Under Uncertainty , 2011, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[315]  Jarrod A. Lewis-Peacock,et al.  Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback , 2017, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[316]  C Büchel,et al.  Somatotopic representation of nociceptive information in the putamen: an event-related fMRI study. , 2004, Cerebral cortex.

[317]  N Birbaumer,et al.  Classical conditioning after cerebellar lesions in humans. , 1993, Behavioral neuroscience.

[318]  J. Pearce,et al.  Contralateral transfer of inhibitory and excitatory eyelid conditioning in the rabbit , 1981 .

[319]  S. Killcross,et al.  Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of punishment: implications for psychiatric disorders , 2018, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[320]  T. Robbins,et al.  The control of tonic pain by active relief learning , 2017, bioRxiv.

[321]  G. Schwarz Estimating the Dimension of a Model , 1978 .

[322]  Nathaniel D. Daw,et al.  Trial-by-trial data analysis using computational models , 2011 .

[323]  Timothy E. J. Behrens,et al.  Neural Mechanisms of Foraging , 2012, Science.

[324]  M. Vangel,et al.  Brain Activity Associated with Expectancy-Enhanced Placebo Analgesia as Measured by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[325]  Matthew D. Lieberman,et al.  Reply to Wager et al.: Pain and the dACC: The importance of hit rate-adjusted effects and posterior probabilities with fair priors , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[326]  Jane R. Garrison,et al.  Prediction error in reinforcement learning: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies , 2013, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[327]  J. Salamone The involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in appetitive and aversive motivation , 1994, Behavioural Brain Research.

[328]  Tor D. Wager,et al.  How expectations shape pain , 2012, Neuroscience Letters.

[329]  B. Collett,et al.  Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment , 2006, European journal of pain.

[330]  B. Seymour,et al.  Fear reduction without fear through reinforcement of neural activity that bypasses conscious exposure , 2016, Nature Human Behaviour.

[331]  K. Berridge From prediction error to incentive salience: mesolimbic computation of reward motivation , 2012, The European journal of neuroscience.

[332]  K. Wiech,et al.  Pain relief as an opponent process: a psychophysical investigation , 2008, The European journal of neuroscience.

[333]  E. Navratilova,et al.  Evaluation of reward from pain relief , 2013, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[334]  R. Dolan,et al.  Knowing how much you don't know: a neural organization of uncertainty estimates , 2012, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[335]  Jörn Diedrichsen,et al.  A spatially unbiased atlas template of the human cerebellum , 2006, NeuroImage.

[336]  Charles J. Robinson,et al.  Psychophysical detection and pain ratings of incremental thermal stimuli: A comparison with nociceptor responses in humans , 1983, Brain Research.

[337]  Hiroshi Yokoi,et al.  Induced sensorimotor brain plasticity controls pain in phantom limb patients , 2016, Nature Communications.

[338]  Chantal Delon-Martin,et al.  Uncertainty in anticipation of uncomfortable rectal distension is modulated by the autonomic nervous system — A fMRI study in healthy volunteers , 2015, NeuroImage.

[339]  G. Edelman,et al.  Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[340]  A. R. Wagner,et al.  Dissociation of the blocking of conditioned eyeblink and conditioned fear following a shift in US locus , 1996 .

[341]  C. Büchel,et al.  Separate amygdala subregions signal surprise and predictiveness during associative fear learning in humans , 2013, The European journal of neuroscience.

[342]  E. Vaadia,et al.  Midbrain dopamine neurons encode decisions for future action , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[343]  Peter Dayan,et al.  Temporal difference models describe higher-order learning in humans , 2004, Nature.

[344]  M. Bradley,et al.  Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. , 1990, Psychological review.

[345]  Stefan Elfwing,et al.  Parallel reward and punishment control in humans and robots: Safe reinforcement learning using the MaxPain algorithm , 2017, 2017 Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL-EpiRob).

[346]  K. Wiech,et al.  Dissociable Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Modulation of Pain and Anxiety? An fMRI Pilot Study , 2014, PloS one.

[347]  M. Lindquist,et al.  An fMRI-based neurologic signature of physical pain. , 2013, The New England journal of medicine.

[348]  B Bromm,et al.  Event-related potential correlates of interference between cognitive performance and tonic experimental pain. , 1997, Psychophysiology.

[349]  A. Ishai,et al.  Distributed and Overlapping Representations of Faces and Objects in Ventral Temporal Cortex , 2001, Science.

[350]  B. Seymour,et al.  Endogenous controllability of closed-loop brain-machine interfaces for pain , 2018, bioRxiv.

[351]  H. T. Blair,et al.  Unilateral Storage of Fear Memories by the Amygdala , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[352]  H. Fields,et al.  Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of mesolimbic reward–valuation circuitry , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[353]  K. Hegenscheid,et al.  Chronic Back Pain Is Associated With Decreased Prefrontal and Anterior Insular Gray Matter: Results From a Population-Based Cohort Study. , 2016, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[354]  Gary H. Glover,et al.  Learned regulation of spatially localized brain activation using real-time fMRI , 2004, NeuroImage.