A Compilation of the Full PDDL+ Language into SMT

Planning in hybrid systems is important for dealing with real-world applications. PDDL+ supports this representation of domains with mixed discrete and continuous dynamics, and supports events and processes modelling exogenous change. Motivated by numerous SAT-based planning approaches, we propose an approach to PDDL+ planning through SMT, describing an SMT encoding that captures all the features of the PDDL+ problem as published by Fox and Long (2006). The encoding can be applied on domains with nonlinear continuous change. We apply this encoding in a simple planning algorithm, demonstrating excellent results on a set of benchmark problems.

[1]  Maria Fox,et al.  Modelling Mixed Discrete-Continuous Domains for Planning , 2006, J. Artif. Intell. Res..

[2]  Lydia E. Kavraki,et al.  A sampling-based strategy planner for nondeterministic hybrid systems , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA).

[3]  Paulo Tabuada,et al.  Composing Abstractions of Hybrid Systems , 2002, HSCC.

[4]  Edmund M. Clarke,et al.  δ-Complete Decision Procedures for Satisfiability over the Reals , 2012, IJCAR.

[5]  Hadas Kress-Gazit,et al.  Iterative temporal motion planning for hybrid systems in partially unknown environments , 2013, HSCC '13.

[6]  Thomas A. Henzinger,et al.  The theory of hybrid automata , 1996, Proceedings 11th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science.

[7]  Robert P. Goldman,et al.  SMT-Based Nonlinear PDDL+ Planning , 2015, AAAI.

[8]  Drew McDermott Reasoning about Autonomous Processes in an Estimated-Regression Planner , 2003, ICAPS.

[9]  Bart Selman,et al.  Pushing the Envelope: Planning, Propositional Logic and Stochastic Search , 1996, AAAI/IAAI, Vol. 2.

[10]  Maria Fox,et al.  PDDL2.1: An Extension to PDDL for Expressing Temporal Planning Domains , 2003, J. Artif. Intell. Res..

[11]  Derek Long,et al.  VAL's progress: the automatic validation tool for PDDL2.1 used in the International planning competition , 2003 .

[12]  Ji-Ae Shin,et al.  Processes and continuous change in a SAT-based planner , 2005, Artif. Intell..

[13]  Katsumi Inoue,et al.  Effective SAT Planning by Speculative Computation , 2002, Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

[14]  Maria Fox,et al.  Challenge: Modelling Unit Commitment as a Planning Problem , 2013, ICAPS.

[15]  Nikolaj Bjørner,et al.  Z3: An Efficient SMT Solver , 2008, TACAS.

[16]  Benedetto Intrigila,et al.  A PDDL+ Benchmark Problem: The Batch Chemical Plant , 2010, ICAPS.

[17]  Andrew Coles,et al.  COLIN: Planning with Continuous Linear Numeric Change , 2012, J. Artif. Intell. Res..

[18]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  Anytime Motion Planning using the RRT* , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[19]  Daniel S. Weld,et al.  Temporal Planning with Continuous Change , 1994, AAAI.

[20]  Sergiy Bogomolov,et al.  PDDL+ Planning with Hybrid Automata: Foundations of Translating Must Behavior , 2015, ICAPS.

[21]  Maria Fox,et al.  Automatic Construction of Efficient Multiple Battery Usage Policies , 2011, IJCAI.

[22]  Sergiy Bogomolov,et al.  Planning as Model Checking in Hybrid Domains , 2014, AAAI.

[23]  Marco Roveri,et al.  The nuXmv Symbolic Model Checker , 2014, CAV.

[24]  Brian C. Williams,et al.  Generative Planning for Hybrid Systems Based on Flow Tubes , 2008, ICAPS.

[25]  Lydia E. Kavraki,et al.  Falsification of LTL safety properties in hybrid systems , 2009, International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer.

[26]  Lukás Chrpa,et al.  Efficient Macroscopic Urban Traffic Models for Reducing Congestion: A PDDL+ Planning Approach , 2016, AAAI.

[27]  Daniele Magazzeni,et al.  A universal planning system for hybrid domains , 2011, Applied Intelligence.

[28]  Alessandro Cimatti,et al.  SMT-Based Verification of Hybrid Systems , 2012, AAAI.

[29]  Ilkka Niemelä,et al.  Planning as satisfiability: parallel plans and algorithms for plan search , 2006, Artif. Intell..

[30]  Alberto Griggio,et al.  HyComp: An SMT-Based Model Checker for Hybrid Systems , 2015, TACAS.