Algorithms for the Greater Good ! On Mental Modeling and Acceptable Symbiosis in Human-AI Collaboration Tathagata Chakraborti

Effective collaboration between humans and AI-based systems requires effective modeling of the human in the loop, both in terms of the mental state as well as the physical capabilities of the latter. However, these models can also open up pathways for manipulating and exploiting the human in the hopes of achieving some greater good, especially when the intent or values of the AI and the human are not aligned or when they have an asymmetrical relationship with respect to knowledge or computation power. In fact, such behavior does not necessarily require any malicious intent but can rather be borne out of cooperative scenarios. It is also beyond simple misinterpretation of intents, as in the case of value alignment problems, and thus can be effectively engineered if desired. Such techniques already exist and pose several unresolved ethical and moral questions with regards to the design of autonomy. In this paper, we illustrate some of these issues in a teaming scenario and investigate how they are perceived by participants in a thought experiment.

[1]  Stephanie Rosenthal,et al.  CoBots: Robust Symbiotic Autonomous Mobile Service Robots , 2015, IJCAI.

[2]  E. Salas,et al.  Shared mental models in expert team decision making. , 1993 .

[3]  George J Annas,et al.  Doctors, patients, and lawyers--two centuries of health law. , 2012, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  Serena Villata,et al.  Representing Excuses in Social Dependence Networks , 2009, AI*IA.

[5]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Plan Explanations as Model Reconciliation: Moving Beyond Explanation as Soliloquy , 2017, IJCAI.

[6]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Planning for serendipity , 2015, 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS).

[7]  J. Mathieu,et al.  The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[8]  Keith Allan,et al.  What is Common Ground , 2013 .

[9]  Malcolm Pines,et al.  Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. By Otto Kernberg. New York: Jason Aronson. 1975. Pp 361. Price $15.00. , 1977, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[10]  Anca D. Dragan,et al.  Cooperative Inverse Reinforcement Learning , 2016, NIPS.

[11]  D. Thomasma,et al.  Telling the Truth to Patients: A Clinical Ethics Exploration , 1994, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics.

[12]  Hans van Ditmarsch The Ditmarsch Tale of Wonders - The Dynamics of Lying , 2011 .

[13]  Yu Zhang,et al.  AI Challenges in Human-Robot Cognitive Teaming , 2017, ArXiv.

[14]  T. Stern,et al.  Lies in the doctor-patient relationship. , 2009, Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[15]  Eric Horvitz,et al.  Reflections on Challenges and Promises of Mixed-Initiative Interaction , 2007, AI Mag..

[16]  Robert T. Clemen,et al.  Naturalistic decision making and decision analysis , 2001 .

[17]  T. Hak,et al.  Collusion in doctor-patient communication about imminent death: an ethnographic study , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[18]  Anand S. Rao,et al.  BDI Agents: From Theory to Practice , 1995, ICMAS.

[19]  B. Malle How the Mind Explains Behavior: Folk Explanations, Meaning, and Social Interaction , 2004 .

[20]  G. G. Stokes "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[21]  Yu Zhang,et al.  A Formal Framework for Studying Interaction in Human-Robot Societies , 2016, AAAI Workshop: Symbiotic Cognitive Systems.

[22]  Richard Fikes,et al.  STRIPS: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving , 1971, IJCAI.

[23]  Nancy M. Amato,et al.  A Roadmap for US Robotics - From Internet to Robotics 2020 Edition , 2021, Found. Trends Robotics.

[24]  S. Bok,et al.  Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life , 1979 .

[25]  Otto F. Kernberg,et al.  Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism , 1975 .

[26]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Measuring team situation awareness in decentralized command and control environments , 2006, Ergonomics.

[27]  Raymond J. Dolan,et al.  Game Theory of Mind , 2008, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[28]  Hilary Cass The NHS experience - the 'snakes and ladders'guide for patients and professionals Hilary Cass The NHS Experience - The 'Snakes and Ladders'Guide for Patients and Professionals Routledge 278pp £13.99 0415336716 0415336716 [Formula: see text]. , 2006, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[29]  Tsuyoshi Murata,et al.  {m , 1934, ACML.

[30]  G. Swaminath The doctor's dilemma: Truth telling , 2008, Indian journal of psychiatry.

[31]  Joshua B. Tenenbaum,et al.  Bayesian Theory of Mind: Modeling Joint Belief-Desire Attribution , 2011, CogSci.

[32]  Richard Lindley Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life , 1980 .