Control of burial and subsurface locomotion in particulate substrates

[1]  Gillis Neuromuscular control of anguilliform locomotion: patterns of red and white muscle activity during swimming in the american eel anguilla rostrata , 1998, The Journal of experimental biology.

[2]  B. Remes,et al.  Design, Aerodynamics, and Vision-Based Control of the DelFly , 2009 .

[3]  P. Holmes,et al.  Spikes alone do not behavior make: why neuroscience needs biomechanics , 2011, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[4]  B. Jayne,et al.  Muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion: an electromyographic study of the sidewinding and concertina modes of Crotalus cerastes, Nerodia fasciata and Elaphe obsoleta. , 1988, The Journal of experimental biology.

[5]  S. J. Jackson,et al.  Laboratory-controlled simulations of dinosaur footprints in sand: A key to understanding vertebrate track formation and preservation , 2009 .

[6]  Huosheng Hu Biologically Inspired Design of Autonomous Robotic Fish at Essex , 2006 .

[7]  W. Herrmann,et al.  Deformation behaviour of agglomerates under tensile stress , 1975 .

[8]  Howie Choset,et al.  Design and motion planning for serpentine robots , 2000, Smart Structures.

[9]  Yang Ding Simulation and theoretical study of swimming and resistive forces within granular media , 2011 .

[10]  Yang Ding,et al.  Mechanics of Undulatory Swimming in a Frictional Fluid , 2012, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[11]  E. A. Gozal Trace amines as novel modulators of spinal motor function , 2010 .

[12]  G. Taylor Analysis of the swimming of long and narrow animals , 1952, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[13]  Chen Li,et al.  A Terradynamics of Legged Locomotion on Granular Media , 2013, Science.

[14]  R J Full,et al.  Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and robots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain , 2007, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[15]  P. Lymberakis,et al.  Phylogeography of the ocellated skink Chalcides ocellatus (Squamata, Scincidae), with the use of mtDNA sequences: a hitch-hiker's guide to the Mediterranean. , 2010, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.

[16]  D. Goldman,et al.  Utilization of granular solidification during terrestrial locomotion of hatchling sea turtles , 2010, Biology Letters.

[17]  J. C. O’Reilly,et al.  A comparative study of locomotion in the caecilians Dermophis mexicanus and Typhlonectes natans (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) , 1997 .

[18]  Zhizhong Wang,et al.  MUAP extraction and classification based on wavelet transform and ICA for EMG decomposition , 2006, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[19]  Phil F. Culverhouse,et al.  A review of developments towards biologically inspired propulsion systems for autonomous underwater vehicles , 2011 .

[20]  Peter L Tyack,et al.  Swimming gaits, passive drag and buoyancy of diving sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[21]  J. Willson,et al.  ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF SMALL FOSSORIAL SNAKES IN THE WESTERN PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA , 2004 .

[22]  W. Mosauer Adaptive Convergence in the Sand Reptiles of the Sahara and of California: A Study in Structure and Behavior , 1932 .

[23]  R. Dudley The Biomechanics of Insect Flight: Form, Function, Evolution , 1999 .

[24]  Daniel I. Goldman,et al.  Wiggling Through the World: The mechanics of slithering locomotion depend on the surroundings , 2010 .

[25]  Sanjay R. Arwade,et al.  Burrowing in marine muds by crack propagation: kinematics and forces , 2007, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[26]  T. Brassil,et al.  Movements and habitat use by the giant burrowing frog, Heleioporus australiacus , 2003 .

[27]  Jasmine A. Nirody,et al.  The mechanics of slithering locomotion , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[28]  P. Umbanhowar,et al.  Granular impact and the critical packing state. , 2010, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[29]  B. Jayne,et al.  The effects of viscosity on the axial motor pattern and kinematics of the African lungfish (Protopterus annectens) during lateral undulatory swimming , 2008, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[30]  P. Charbonneau,et al.  Use of X‐ray images and a contrasting agent to study the behavior of animals in soft sediments , 1997 .

[31]  R. James,et al.  Morphological and physiological specialization for digging in amphisbaenians, an ancient lineage of fossorial vertebrates , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[32]  R. Josephson,et al.  The Mechanical Power Output of a Tettigoniid Wing Muscle During Singing and Flight , 1985 .

[33]  M. Ashley-Ross,et al.  Kinematics of the transition between aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in the newt Taricha torosa , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[34]  J. Gray,et al.  THE LOCOMOTION OF NEMATODES. , 1964, The Journal of experimental biology.

[35]  H. Jaeger,et al.  Granular solids, liquids, and gases , 1996 .

[36]  W. Korff,et al.  Environmental differences in substrate mechanics do not affect sprinting performance in sand lizards (Uma scoparia and Callisaurus draconoides) , 2011, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[37]  Aravinthan D. T. Samuel,et al.  Biomechanical analysis of gait adaptation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[38]  Mark R. Cutkosky,et al.  Directional Adhesive Structures for Controlled Climbing on Smooth Vertical Surfaces , 2007, Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[39]  S. Grillner,et al.  Activation of ‘fictive swimming’ by electrical microstimulation of brainstem locomotor regions in an in vitro preparation of the lamprey central nervous system , 1984, Brain Research.

[40]  B Kahng,et al.  Stick-slip fluctuations in granular drag. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[41]  A. Cohen,et al.  Interactions between internal forces, body stiffness, and fluid environment in a neuromechanical model of lamprey swimming , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[42]  Peter A. Jumars,et al.  Burrowing mechanics: Burrow extension by crack propagation , 2005, Nature.

[43]  T. Hetherington Behavioural use of seismic cues by the sandswimming lizard Scincus scincus , 1992 .

[44]  A. Biewener,et al.  Dynamics of muscle function during locomotion: accommodating variable conditions. , 1999, The Journal of experimental biology.

[45]  Mark R. Cutkosky,et al.  Whole body adhesion: hierarchical, directional and distributed control of adhesive forces for a climbing robot , 2007, Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[46]  B. Jayne,et al.  Effects of incline on speed, acceleration, body posture and hindlimb kinematics in two species of lizard Callisaurus draconoides and Uma scoparia. , 1998, The Journal of experimental biology.

[47]  Daniel I Goldman,et al.  Effects of worker size on the dynamics of fire ant tunnel construction , 2012, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[48]  Daniel I Goldman,et al.  Dynamics of drag and force distributions for projectile impact in a granular medium. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[49]  D. Ellerby,et al.  Fast muscle function in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) during aquatic and terrestrial locomotion. , 2001, The Journal of experimental biology.

[50]  George V. Lauder,et al.  Hydrodynamics of Undulatory Propulsion , 2005 .

[51]  M. Kearney,et al.  Repeated evolution of limblessness and digging heads in worm lizards revealed by DNA from old bones , 2004, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[52]  N. Cohen,et al.  Swimming at low Reynolds number: a beginners guide to undulatory locomotion , 2010 .

[53]  Kurt Wiesenfeld,et al.  Emergence of the advancing neuromechanical phase in a resistive force dominated medium , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[54]  M. Vences,et al.  Variations on a bauplan: description of a new Malagasy “mermaid skink” with flipper-like forelimbs only (Scincidae, Sirenoscincus Sakata & Hikida, 2003) , 2012 .

[55]  Howie Choset,et al.  Principles of Robot Motion: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementation ERRATA!!!! 1 , 2007 .

[56]  K.M. Lynch,et al.  Mechanics and control of swimming: a review , 2004, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[57]  B.M. McKenzie,et al.  Radial pressures generated by the earthworm Aporrectodea rosea , 2004, Biology and Fertility of Soils.

[58]  Maurizio Porfiri,et al.  Fish and robots swimming together: attraction towards the robot demands biomimetic locomotion , 2012, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[59]  Albert-László Barabási,et al.  MAXIMUM ANGLE OF STABILITY IN WET AND DRY SPHERICAL GRANULAR MEDIA , 1997 .

[60]  P. Wallén,et al.  Fictive locomotion in the lamprey spinal cord in vitro compared with swimming in the intact and spinal animal. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[61]  A. Ijspeert,et al.  From Swimming to Walking with a Salamander Robot Driven by a Spinal Cord Model , 2007, Science.

[62]  H. Heywood The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes , 1941, Nature.

[63]  A. D. McClellan,et al.  Adaptive variations of undulatory behaviors in larval lamprey: comparison of swimming and burrowing , 1998, Experimental Brain Research.

[64]  C. S. Wardle,et al.  Tuning in to fish swimming waves: body form, swimming mode and muscle function , 1995, The Journal of experimental biology.

[65]  Gillis,et al.  Anguilliform locomotion in an elongate salamander (Siren intermedia): effects of speed on axial undulatory movements , 1997, The Journal of experimental biology.

[66]  Chen Li,et al.  Undulatory Swimming in Sand: Subsurface Locomotion of the Sandfish Lizard , 2009, Science.

[67]  Damon A. Clark,et al.  Mechanosensation and mechanical load modulate the locomotory gait of swimming C. elegans , 2007, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[68]  Chen Li,et al.  Sensitive dependence of the motion of a legged robot on granular media , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[69]  Vincent Richefeu,et al.  Shear strength properties of wet granular materials. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[70]  K. S. Norris,et al.  The Burrowing of the Western Shovel-Nosed Snake, Chionactis occipitalis Hallowell, and the Undersand Environment , 1966 .

[71]  R. Nussbaum,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION OF BURROWING BEHAVIOR IN CAECILIANS (AMPHIBIA: GYMNOPHIONA): EFFECTS OF SOIL COMPACTION ON BURROWING ABILITY OF FOUR SPECIES , 1993 .

[72]  E. Nevo Adaptive Convergence and Divergence of Subterranean Mammals , 1979 .

[73]  P. Umbanhowar,et al.  Scaling and dynamics of sphere and disk impact into granular media. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[74]  S. Grillner,et al.  N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-induced, inherent oscillatory activity in neurons active during fictive locomotion in the lamprey , 1987, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[75]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Granular drag on a discrete object: shape effects on jamming. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[76]  E. N. Arnold Identifying the effects of history on adaptation: origins of different sand‐diving techniques in lizards , 1995 .

[77]  R J Full,et al.  Neuromechanical response of musculo-skeletal structures in cockroaches during rapid running on rough terrain , 2008, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[78]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Slow Drag in a Granular Medium , 1999 .

[79]  A. Barabasi,et al.  What keeps sandcastles standing? , 1997, Nature.

[80]  L. Deharveng,et al.  Subterranean Ecosystems: A Truncated Functional Biodiversity , 2002 .

[81]  F. S. Labini,et al.  Smooth changes in the EMG patterns during gait transitions under body weight unloading. , 2011, Journal of neurophysiology.

[82]  Howie Choset,et al.  Design of a modular snake robot , 2007, 2007 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[83]  Agnes Weth,et al.  The sandfish’s skin: Morphology, chemistry and reconstruction , 2007 .

[84]  Yu Tian,et al.  Adhesion and friction in gecko toe attachment and detachment , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[85]  G. Gillis,et al.  Undulatory Locomotion in Elongate Aquatic Vertebrates: Anguilliform Swimming since Sir James Gray , 1996 .

[86]  George V Lauder,et al.  Forces, fishes, and fluids: hydrodynamic mechanisms of aquatic locomotion. , 2002, News in physiological sciences : an international journal of physiology produced jointly by the International Union of Physiological Sciences and the American Physiological Society.

[87]  Ian E. Brown,et al.  A Reductionist Approach to Creating and Using Neuromusculoskeletal Models , 2000 .

[88]  K. Wieghardt Experiments in Granular Flow , 1975 .

[89]  E. Marder,et al.  Invertebrate Central Pattern Generation Moves along , 2005, Current Biology.

[90]  P. Eason,et al.  Morphology, niche segregation, and escape tactics in a sand dune lizard community , 2007 .

[91]  H. Schleich,et al.  Amphibians and reptiles of North Africa: Biology, systematics, field guide , 1996 .

[92]  D. C. Rapaport,et al.  The Art of Molecular Dynamics Simulation , 1997 .

[93]  P. Umbanhowar,et al.  Mechanical models of sandfish locomotion reveal principles of high performance subsurface sand-swimming , 2011, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[94]  J. Cabelguen,et al.  Bimodal Locomotion Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of the Midbrain in the Salamander Notophthalmus viridescens , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[95]  Ashley-Ross HINDLIMB KINEMATICS DURING TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION IN A SALAMANDER (DICAMPTODON TENEBROSUS) , 1994, The Journal of experimental biology.

[96]  Yang Ding,et al.  Granular lift forces predict vertical motion of a sand-swimming robot , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[97]  S. Rossignol,et al.  LOCOMOTION IN LAMPREY AND TROUT: THE RELATIVE TIMING OF ACTIVATION AND MOVEMENT , 1989 .

[98]  A. S. Umar,et al.  Basis-Spline collocation method for the lattice solution of boundary value problems , 1991 .

[99]  G. Gillis,et al.  Environmental effects on undulatory locomotion in the American eel Anguilla rostrata: kinematics in water and on land , 1998 .

[100]  Stephan Herminghaus,et al.  Dynamics of wet granular matter , 2005 .

[101]  Russ Tedrake,et al.  Efficient Bipedal Robots Based on Passive-Dynamic Walkers , 2005, Science.

[102]  E. R. Trueman,et al.  The dynamics of burrowing in Ensis (Bivalvia) , 1967, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[103]  Chen Li Biological, robotic, and physics studies to discover principles of legged locomotion on granular media , 2011 .

[104]  E. Marder,et al.  Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements , 2001, Current Biology.

[105]  S. Renous,et al.  Morphofunctional study of the digging system of the Namib Desert Golden mole (Eremitalpa granti namibensis): cinefluorographical and anatomical analysis , 2009 .

[106]  Jaquan M Horton,et al.  Locomotory transition from water to sand and its effects on undulatory kinematics in sand lances (Ammodytidae) , 2011, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[107]  L. M. Frolich,et al.  KINEMATIC AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE BODY AXIS DURING TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC LOCOMOTION IN THE SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM , 1992 .

[108]  Richard Shine,et al.  Ecological traits and conservation biology of five fossorial ‘sand-swimming’ snake species (Simoselaps: Elapidae) in south-western Australia , 1999 .

[109]  Stephan Herminghaus,et al.  Mechanical properties of wet granular materials , 2005 .

[110]  Lauder Speed effects on midline kinematics during steady undulatory swimming of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides , 1995, The Journal of experimental biology.

[111]  R. Blickhan,et al.  Similarity in multilegged locomotion: Bouncing like a monopode , 1993, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[112]  David W. Wolfe Tales From The Underground: A Natural History Of Subterranean Life , 2001 .

[113]  Paul H. C. Eilers,et al.  Splines, knots, and penalties , 2010 .

[114]  Hans J. Herrmann,et al.  Angle of repose and angle of marginal stability: molecular dynamics of granular particles , 1993 .

[115]  G. Cavagna,et al.  Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. , 1977, The American journal of physiology.

[116]  Two-phase densification of cohesive granular aggregates. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[117]  H. Bleckmann,et al.  Surface structure and frictional properties of the skin of the Amazon tree boa Corallus hortulanus (Squamata, Boidae) , 2009, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[118]  Auke Jan Ijspeert,et al.  Online Optimization of Swimming and Crawling in an Amphibious Snake Robot , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[119]  W. O. Friesen,et al.  Mechanisms underlying rhythmic locomotion: body–fluid interaction in undulatory swimming , 2011, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[120]  Frank E. Fish,et al.  Kinematics of undulatory swimming in the american alligator , 1984 .

[121]  P. Aerts,et al.  Burrowing and subsurface locomotion in anguilliform fish: behavioral specializations and mechanical constraints , 2011, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[122]  W. Mosauer,et al.  Locomotion and Diurnal Range of Sonora occipitalis, Crotalus cerastes, and Crotalus atrox as Seen from Their Tracks , 1933 .

[123]  A. Biewener,et al.  Muscle force-length dynamics during level versus incline locomotion: a comparison of in vivo performance of two guinea fowl ankle extensors , 2003, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[124]  Auke Jan Ijspeert,et al.  Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review , 2008, Neural Networks.

[125]  John Guckenheimer,et al.  The Dynamics of Legged Locomotion: Models, Analyses, and Challenges , 2006, SIAM Rev..

[126]  Philip Holmes,et al.  Dynamics and stability of legged locomotion in the horizontal plane: a test case using insects , 2002, Biological Cybernetics.

[127]  John Matson Unfree spirit: NASA's mars rover appears stuck for good. , 2010 .

[128]  G. Loeb,et al.  Electromyography for Experimentalists , 1986 .

[129]  N. Cowan,et al.  Task-level control of rapid wall following in the American cockroach , 2006, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[130]  D. Goldman,et al.  Drag induced lift in granular media. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[131]  Sphere impact and penetration into wet sand. , 2012, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[132]  J. Gray,et al.  The Propulsion of Sea-Urchin Spermatozoa , 1955 .

[133]  Amos G. Winter,et al.  Dynamics of digging in wet soil , 2010, 1007.0276.

[134]  Amos G Winter,et al.  Localized fluidization burrowing mechanics of Ensis directus , 2012, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[135]  J. Lighton,et al.  Water and energy balance in Namibian desert sand-dune lizards Angolosaurus skoogi (Andersson, 1916) , 1991 .

[136]  P. Umbanhowar,et al.  Force and flow transition in plowed granular media. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[137]  W. O. Friesen,et al.  Reciprocal inhibition: A mechanism underlying oscillatory animal movements , 1994, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[138]  R. Blickhan,et al.  Muscle forces during locomotion in kangaroo rats: force platform and tendon buckle measurements compared. , 1988, The Journal of experimental biology.

[139]  C. T. Farley,et al.  Mechanics of locomotion in lizards. , 1997, The Journal of experimental biology.

[140]  B. Jayne,et al.  The effects of temperature on the burial performance and axial motor pattern of the sand-swimming of the Mojave fringe-toed lizard Uma scoparia. , 2000, The Journal of experimental biology.

[141]  N. Vandewalle,et al.  Compaction dynamics of wet granular assemblies. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[142]  T. Lubensky,et al.  Dynamics of gas-fluidized granular rods. , 2008, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[143]  Bin Liu,et al.  Propulsion of microorganisms by a helical flagellum , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[144]  B. Jayne,et al.  A Field Study of the Effects of Incline on the Escape Locomotion of a Bipedal Lizard, Callisaurus draconoides , 1999, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology.

[145]  T. Hetherington Use of vibratory cues for detection of insect prey by the sandswimming lizard Scincus scincus , 1989, Animal Behaviour.

[146]  F. H. Pough The Burrowing Ecology of the Sand Lizard, Uma notata' , 1970 .

[147]  T J Pedley,et al.  Large-amplitude undulatory fish swimming: fluid mechanics coupled to internal mechanics. , 1999, The Journal of experimental biology.

[148]  At L. Hof,et al.  EMG AND MUSCLE FORCE - AN INTRODUCTION , 1984 .

[149]  J. Altringham,et al.  A continuous dynamic beam model for swimming fish , 1998 .

[150]  Carl Gans,et al.  Tetrapod Limblessness: Evolution and Functional Corollaries , 1975 .

[151]  Franco Nori,et al.  Wet granular materials , 2006, cond-mat/0601660.

[152]  N. Vandewalle,et al.  How relative humidity affects random packing experiments. , 2012, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[153]  Philip Holmes,et al.  Mechanical models for insect locomotion: dynamics and stability in the horizontal plane – II. Application , 2000, Biological Cybernetics.

[154]  R. Gaymer New Method of Locomotion in Limbless Terrestrial Vertebrates , 1971, Nature.

[155]  H. Heatwole Burrowing Ability and Behavioral Responses to Desiccation of the Salamander, Plethodon Cinereus , 1960 .

[156]  P. Withers,et al.  Energetics of burrowing, running, and free‐living in the Namib Desert golden mole (Eremitalpa namibensis) , 1998 .

[157]  Mark R. Cutkosky,et al.  Directional adhesion for climbing: theoretical and practical considerations , 2007 .

[158]  W. O. Friesen,et al.  Mechanisms of intersegmental coordination in leech locomotion , 1993 .

[159]  G. Gillis,et al.  How muscles accommodate movement in different physical environments: aquatic vs. terrestrial locomotion in vertebrates. , 2001, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.

[160]  R. Full,et al.  Mechanics of a rapid running insect: two-, four- and six-legged locomotion. , 1991, The Journal of experimental biology.

[161]  R. Full,et al.  Passive mechanical properties of legs from running insects , 2006, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[162]  M. Paoletti,et al.  Woodlice (Isopoda: Oniscidea): their potential for assessing sustainability and use as bioindicators , 1999 .

[163]  Ritter,et al.  Axial muscle function during lizard locomotion , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[164]  R J Full,et al.  Templates and anchors: neuromechanical hypotheses of legged locomotion on land. , 1999, The Journal of experimental biology.

[165]  R. Full,et al.  Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair , 2000, Nature.

[166]  Hillel J. Chiel,et al.  The Brain in Its Body: Motor Control and Sensing in a Biomechanical Context , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[167]  C Koch,et al.  Complexity and the nervous system. , 1999, Science.

[168]  R. M. Alexander,et al.  The maximum forces exerted by animals. , 1985, The Journal of experimental biology.

[169]  E. R. Trueman The Mechanism of Burrowing of the Mole Crab, Emerita , 1970 .

[170]  W. Mosauer The reptilian fauna of sand dune areas of the Vizcaino Desert and of northwestern lower California , 1936 .

[171]  P. Arratia,et al.  Motility of small nematodes in wet granular media , 2010, 1006.0990.

[172]  W. Dickinson,et al.  Low depositional porosity in eolian sands and sandstones, Namib Desert , 1994 .

[173]  G. Hill,et al.  Scaling vertical drag forces in granular media , 2005 .

[174]  Sunghwan Jung,et al.  Caenorhabditis elegans swimming in a saturated particulate system , 2010 .

[175]  京都大学附属図書館,et al.  Systema naturae(自然の体系) , 2006 .

[176]  T. Williams,et al.  Nonlinear Muscles, Passive Viscoelasticity and Body Taper Conspire To Create Neuromechanical Phase Lags in Anguilliform Swimmers , 2008, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[177]  G. Kaufman,et al.  DISTRIBUTION OF CARNIVORE BURROWS IN A PRAIRIE LANDSCAPE , 2005 .

[178]  Young-Hui Chang,et al.  Enabling techniques for in vitro studies on mammalian spinal locomotor mechanisms. , 2012, Frontiers in bioscience.

[179]  R. E. Ridi,et al.  Effect of seasonal variation on immune system of the lizard, Scincus scincus , 1979 .

[180]  Michael Sfakiotakis,et al.  Review of fish swimming modes for aquatic locomotion , 1999 .

[181]  P. Jakob,et al.  Investigating the Locomotion of the Sandfish in Desert Sand Using NMR-Imaging , 2008, PloS one.

[182]  C. Heip,et al.  Bioturbation: a fresh look at Darwin's last idea. , 2006, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[183]  T. Williams,et al.  Anguilliform Body Dynamics: Modelling the Interaction between Muscle Activation and Body Curvature , 1991 .

[184]  Chen Li,et al.  Multi-functional foot use during running in the zebra-tailed lizard (Callisaurus draconoides) , 2012, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[185]  D. Ellerby,et al.  Fish swimming: patterns in muscle function. , 1999, The Journal of experimental biology.

[186]  M. Posey,et al.  Effects of a burrowing mud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis (Dana), on abundances of macro-infauna , 1991 .

[187]  Lauder,et al.  Red muscle motor patterns during steady swimming in largemouth bass: effects of speed and correlations with axial kinematics , 1995, The Journal of experimental biology.

[188]  J. Gray,et al.  The Kinetics of Locomotion of the Grass-Snake , 1950 .

[189]  D. Carrier,et al.  Activity of the hypaxial muscles during walking in the lizard Iguana iguana. , 1990, The Journal of experimental biology.

[190]  Ronald S. Fearing,et al.  RoACH: An autonomous 2.4g crawling hexapod robot , 2008, 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[191]  Ritter,et al.  Epaxial muscle function during locomotion in a lizard (Varanus salvator) and the proposal of a key innovation in the vertebrate axial musculoskeletal system , 1995, The Journal of experimental biology.

[192]  R J Full,et al.  How animals move: an integrative view. , 2000, Science.

[193]  A. Greer,et al.  OBSERVATIONS ON LIMB REDUCTION IN THE SCINCID LIZARD GENUS CHALCIDES , 1998 .

[194]  R. Full,et al.  Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[195]  B. Emerson,et al.  Evolution underground: shedding light on the diversification of subterranean insects , 2010, Journal of biology.

[196]  A Sheppard,et al.  Morphological clues to wet granular pile stability. , 2008, Nature materials.

[197]  J. Santamarina,et al.  Closure of "Particle Shape Effects on Packing Density, Stiffness, and Strength: Natural and Crushed Sands" , 2006 .

[198]  Peter Cave,et al.  Biologically Inspired Robots: Serpentile Locomotors and Manipulators , 1993 .

[199]  Yang Ding,et al.  Undulatory swimming in sand: experimental and simulation studies of a robotic sandfish , 2011, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[200]  R. B. Cowles Observations on the Winter Activities of Desert Reptiles , 1941 .

[201]  J. Roca,et al.  Radiation, multiple dispersal and parallelism in the skinks, Chalcides and Sphenops (Squamata: Scincidae), with comments on Scincus and Scincopus and the age of the Sahara Desert. , 2008, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.

[202]  Amos G Winter,et al.  Identification and evaluation of the Atlantic razor clam (Ensis directus) for biologically inspired subsea burrowing systems. , 2011, Integrative and comparative biology.

[203]  Williams,et al.  Self-propelled anguilliform swimming: simultaneous solution of the two-dimensional navier-stokes equations and Newton's laws of motion , 1998, The Journal of experimental biology.

[204]  T. Caldwell,et al.  Impacts of interrelated biotic and abiotic processes during the past 125 000 years of landscape evolution in the Northern Mojave Desert, Nevada, USA , 2007 .

[205]  R. D. Semlitsch Burrowing ability and behavior of salamanders of the genus Ambystoma , 1983 .

[206]  P. G. de Gennes,et al.  Granular Matter: A Tentative View , 1999 .

[207]  Richard A Satterlie,et al.  Neuromechanics: an integrative approach for understanding motor control. , 2007, Integrative and comparative biology.

[208]  A. Biewener,et al.  Dynamics of mallard (Anas platyrynchos) gastrocnemius function during swimming versus terrestrial locomotion. , 2001, The Journal of experimental biology.

[209]  R. McNeill Alexander,et al.  Principles of Animal Locomotion , 2002 .

[210]  Knight,et al.  Density relaxation in a vibrated granular material. , 1995, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[211]  Ph. Radenkov Statistics and kinematics of granular materials: by R.M. Nedderman; published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; ISBN 0 521 40435 5. , 1995 .

[212]  Daniel I Goldman,et al.  Environmental interaction influences muscle activation strategy during sand-swimming in the sandfish lizard Scincus scincus , 2013, Journal of Experimental Biology.