Medium access control facing the dvnamics of wireless sensor networks

Un reseau de capteurs sans fil (Wireless Sensor Network, WSN) consiste en une distribution spatiale d'equipements embarques autonomes, qui cooperent de maniere a surveiller l'environnement de maniere non-intrusive. Les donnees collectees par chaque capteur (tels que la temperature, des vibrations, des sons, des mouvements etc. ) sont remontees de proche en proche vers un puits de collecte en utilisant des technologies de communication sans fil. Voila une decennie que les contraintes inherentes a ces reseaux attirent l'attention de la communaute scientifique. Ainsi, de nombreuses ameliorations a differents niveaux de la pile de communication ont ete proposees afin de relever les defis en termes d'economie d'energie, de capacite de calcul et de contrainte memoire imposes par l'utilisation d'equipements embarques. Plusieurs deploiements couronnes de succes demontrent l'interet grandissant pour cette technologie. Les recentes avancees en termes d'integration d'equipements et de protocoles de communication ont permis d'elaborer de nouveaux scenarios plus complexes. Ils mettent en scene des reseaux denses et differentes methodes de collection de donnees. Par exemple, l'interet de la mobilite dans les WSNs est multiple dans la mesure ou les capteurs mobiles peuvent notamment permettre d'etendre la couverture d'un reseau, d'ameliorer ses performances de routage ou sa connexite globale. Toutefois, ces scenarios apportent de nouveaux defis dans la conception de protocoles de communication. Ces travaux de these s'interessent donc a la problematique de la dynamique des WSNs, et plus particulierement a ce que cela implique au niveau du controle de l'acces au medium (Medium Access Control, MAC). Nous avons tout d'abord etudie l'impact de la mobilite et defini deux nouvelles methodes d'acces au medium (Machiavel et X-Machiavel) qui permettent d'ameliorer les conditions d'acces au canal pour les capteurs mobiles dans les reseaux denses. Notre deuxieme contribution est un algorithme d'auto-adaptation destine aux protocoles par echantillonnage. Il vise a minimiser la consommation energetique globale dans les reseaux caracterises par des modeles de trafic antagonistes, en obtenant une configuration optimale sur chaque capteur. Ce mecanisme est particulierement efficace en energie pendant les transmissions par rafales qui peuvent survenir dans de tels reseaux dynamiques.

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