Timing in trace conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): scalar, nonscalar, and adaptive features.

Using interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 125, 250, and 500 msec in trace conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response, the offset times and durations of conditioned responses (CRs) were collected along with onset and peak latencies. All measures were proportional to the ISI, but only onset and peak latencies conformed to the criterion for scalar timing. Regarding the CR's possible protective overlap of the unconditioned stimulus (US), CR duration increased with ISI, while the peak's alignment with the US declined. Implications for models of timing and CR adaptiveness are discussed.

[1]  Boneau Ca.  The interstimulus interval and the latency of the conditioned eyelid response. , 1958, Journal of experimental psychology.

[2]  I. Gormezano,et al.  CONDITIONING OF THE NICTITATING MEMBRANE OF THE RABBIT AS A FUNCTION OF CS-US INTERVAL. , 1964, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[3]  N. Schneiderman.  Interstimulus interval function of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit under delay versus trace conditioning. , 1966 .

[4]  J. B. Sidowski,et al.  Experimental methods and instrumentation in psychology , 1966 .

[5]  C. C. Perkins.  An analysis of the concept of reinforcement. , 1968, Psychological review.

[6]  M. C. Smith,et al.  CS-US interval and US intensity in classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. , 1968, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[7]  Jacob Cohen.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[8]  S. R. Coleman,et al.  Classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response at backward, simultaneous, and forward CS-US intervals. , 1969, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[9]  R. Rescorla,et al.  A theory of Pavlovian conditioning : Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement , 1972 .

[10]  S. R. Coleman,et al.  The law of effect and CR contingent modification of the UCS , 1973, Conditional reflex.

[11]  Jacob Cohen.  Measurement Educational and Psychological Educational and Psychological Measurement Eta-squared and Partial Eta-squared in Fixed Factor Anova Designs Educational and Psychological Measurement Additional Services and Information For , 2022 .

[12]  S. R. Coleman.  Consequences of response-contingent change in unconditioned stimulus intensity upon the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response. , 1975, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[13]  N D Lerner,et al.  Duration discrimination by rats. , 1976, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[14]  J. Gibbon.  Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing. , 1977 .

[15]  A G Barto,et al.  Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: expectation and prediction. , 1981, Psychological review.

[16]  Bernard G. Schreurs,et al.  Ruler vs. the Apple II/FIRST system analysis of analog signals in classical conditioning , 1982 .

[17]  Masao Ito.  The Cerebellum And Neural Control , 1984 .

[18]  M K Kaiser,et al.  MANOVA method for analyzing repeated measures designs: an extensive primer. , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[19]  Stephen Grossberg,et al.  Neural dynamics of adaptive timing and temporal discrimination during associative learning , 1989, Neural Networks.

[20]  P. Lachenbruch.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[21]  Richard S. Sutton,et al.  Time-Derivative Models of Pavlovian Reinforcement , 1990 .

[22]  J. Steinmetz,et al.  Dorsal accessory inferior olive activity diminishes during acquisition of the rabbit classically conditioned eyelid response , 1991, Brain Research.

[23]  J G Fetterman,et al.  Time discrimination in Columba livia and Homo sapiens. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[24]  R. Church,et al.  Application of scalar timing theory to individual trials. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[25]  Dean V. Buonomano,et al.  Neural Network Model of the Cerebellum: Temporal Discrimination and the Timing of Motor Responses , 1999, Neural Computation.

[26]  J. W. Moore,et al.  Conditioned response timing and integration in the cerebellum. , 1997, Learning & memory.

[27]  A. Machado.  Learning the temporal dynamics of behavior. , 1997, Psychological review.

[28]  Kimberly S. Kirkpatrick,et al.  Are separate theories of conditioning and timing necessary? , 1998, Behavioural Processes.

[29]  C. Buhusi,et al.  Timing in simple conditioning and occasion setting: a neural network approach , 1999, Behavioural Processes.

[30]  JOHN W. Moore,et al.  Coefficients of variation in timing of the classically conditioned eyeblink in rabbits , 2000, Psychobiology.

[31]  M. Mauk,et al.  Cerebellar function: Coordination, learning or timing? , 2000, Current Biology.

[32]  JOHN W. Moore.  A Neuroscientist's Guide to Classical Conditioning , 2002 .

[33]  E. Kehoe,et al.  Fundamental Behavioral Methods and Findings in Classical Conditioning , 2002 .

[34]  Edgar H Vogel,et al.  Stimulus representation in SOP: I Theoretical rationalization and some implications , 2003, Behavioural Processes.

[35]  Edgar H Vogel,et al.  Stimulus representation in SOP: II. An application to inhibition of delay , 2003, Behavioural Processes.

[36]  Richard F. Thompson,et al.  Control of rabbit nictitating membrane movements , 1992, Biological Cybernetics.

[37]  J. W. Moore,et al.  Adaptive timing in neural networks: The conditioned response , 1988, Biological Cybernetics.

[38]  Richard F. Thompson,et al.  Control of rabbit nictitating membrane movements , 1992, Biological Cybernetics.

[39]  C. Gallistel,et al.  The learning curve: implications of a quantitative analysis. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  G. Hesslow,et al.  Inhibition of the inferior olive during conditioned responses in the decerebrate ferret , 1996, Experimental Brain Research.

[41]  David J. Willshaw,et al.  A Biophysical Model of Synaptic Delay Learning and Temporal Pattern Recognition in a Cerebellar Purkinje Cell , 2004, Journal of Computational Neuroscience.

[42]  M. Glickstein,et al.  Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[43]  M. Glickstein,et al.  Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[44]  E. Kehoe,et al.  Temporally specific extinction of conditioned responses in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane preparation. , 2005, Behavioral neuroscience.

[45]  John Porrill,et al.  Response linearity determined by recruitment strategy in detailed model of nictitating membrane control , 2007, Biological Cybernetics.

[46]  Kirk N. Olsen,et al.  Time-specific extinction and recovery of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) conditioned nictitating membrane response using mixed interstimulus intervals. , 2007, Behavioral neuroscience.

[47]  E. Kehoe,et al.  Time and stimulus specificity in extinction of the conditioned nictitating membrane response in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). , 2007, Behavioral neuroscience.

[48]  G. Hesslow,et al.  Acquisition, Extinction, and Reacquisition of a Cerebellar Cortical Memory Trace , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[49]  Elliot A. Ludvig,et al.  The effects of reinforcer magnitude on timing in rats. , 2007, Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior.

[50]  P. Dean,et al.  Evidence from retractor bulbi EMG for linearized motor control of conditioned nictitating membrane responses. , 2007, Journal of neurophysiology.

[51]  Germund Hesslow,et al.  Cerebellar control of the inferior olive , 2008, The Cerebellum.

[52]  Richard S. Sutton,et al.  Stimulus Representation and the Timing of Reward-Prediction Errors in Models of the Dopamine System , 2008, Neural Computation.

[53]  Elliot A. Ludvig,et al.  Magnitude and timing of nictitating membrane movements during classical conditioning of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). , 2008, Behavioral neuroscience.

[54]  Richard S. Sutton,et al.  A computational model of hippocampal function in trace conditioning , 2008, NIPS.

[55]  Nestor A. Schmajuk,et al.  Classical conditioning , 2008, Scholarpedia.

[56]  Kirk N. Olsen,et al.  Scalar timing varies with response magnitude in classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). , 2009, Behavioral neuroscience.

[57]  J. Porrill,et al.  Recruitment in Retractor Bulbi Muscle During Eyeblink Conditioning: EMG Analysis and Common-Drive Model , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[58]  Elliot A. Ludvig,et al.  Magnitude and timing of conditioned responses in delay and trace classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). , 2009, Behavioral neuroscience.

[59]  John Porrill,et al.  Sensory Prediction or Motor Control? Application of Marr–Albus Type Models of Cerebellar Function to Classical Conditioning , 2010, Front. Comput. Neurosci..