A review on wind turbine control and its associated methods

Abstract Nowadays, the increasing environmental issues especially concerning the global warming have motivated a run for the use of renewable energy sources. Wind energy represents a major player in this context and today it is the most widespread renewable fuel, but still requires many technological improvements. The control of wind turbines (WTs) plays a key role in wind energy applications, ensuring their high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This has been an intensively researched subject and its developments are crucial to design even better and more efficient wind turbines. However, currently very little papers are addressed to summarize and list wind turbine control concepts. In the present paper, a literature review of wind turbine control is presented dealing with the main wind energy control methods. The main objective of the paper is to form a detailed background to serve as a starting point for new researches on WT control that can be decisive to energetic sustainability. Further, the paper discusses the most recent control developments and their contributions to mitigate environmental issues.

[1]  G. Quandt.  Wind turbine trailing-edge aerodynamic brake design , 1996 .

[2]  Raymond Chow,et al.  Computational Investigations of Small Deploying Tabs and Flaps for Aerodynamic Load Control , 2007 .

[3]  Niels Kjølstad Poulsen,et al.  Wind turbine control with constraint handling: a model predictive control approach , 2012 .

[4]  Paul A. Fleming,et al.  Validation of Individual Pitch Control by Field Tests on Two- and Three-Bladed Wind Turbines , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[5]  Jakob Stoustrup,et al.  Robust and fault-tolerant linear parameter-varying control of wind turbines , 2011 .

[6]  Peter J Seiler,et al.  Gain scheduled active power control for wind turbines , 2014 .

[7]  Fernando D. Bianchi,et al.  Wind Turbine Control Systems: Principles, Modelling and Gain Scheduling Design , 2006 .

[8]  Ahmed M. Kassem.  Robust voltage control of a stand alone wind energy conversion system based on functional model predictive approach , 2012 .

[9]  Carlo L. Bottasso,et al.  Multi-layer control architecture for the reduction of deterministic and non-deterministic loads on wind turbines , 2013 .

[10]  Scott D. Collins,et al.  Active Load Control for Airfoils using Microtabs , 2001 .

[11]  J. Jonkman,et al.  Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development , 2009 .

[12]  Mac Gaunaa,et al.  Stability investigation of an airfoil section with active flap control , 2010 .

[13]  Jan-Willem van Wingerden,et al.  Field testing of linear individual pitch control on the two‐bladed controls advanced research turbine , 2016 .

[14]  Dirk Söffker,et al.  State-of-the-art in wind turbine control: Trends and challenges , 2016 .

[15]  Lucy Y. Pao,et al.  Control of wind turbines: Past, present, and future , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[16]  Henrik Bindner,et al.  Sensor Selection and State Estimation for Wind Turbine Controls , 2007 .

[17]  Adel M. Sharaf,et al.  A utility interactive wind energy conversion scheme with an asynchronous DC link using a supplementary control loop , 1994 .

[18]  Andreas Sumper,et al.  Flicker mitigation by reactive power control in wind farm with doubly fed induction generators , 2014 .

[19]  Luis T. Aguilar,et al.  Analysis and synthesis of sliding mode control for large scale variable speed wind turbine for power optimization , 2014 .

[20]  Andrew Kusiak,et al.  Dynamic control of wind turbines , 2010 .

[21]  M.E.H. Benbouzid,et al.  Sliding Mode Power Control of Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems , 2008, 2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference.

[22]  Nedjeljko Perić,et al.  Estimation based Individual Pitch Control of Wind Turbine , 2010 .

[23]  Ervin Bossanyi,et al.  Wind Turbine Control for Load Reduction , 2003 .

[24]  Marcin Witczak,et al.  Robust MPC for a non-linear system – a neural network approach , 2014 .

[25]  Alan Wright,et al.  The use of preview wind measurements for blade pitch control , 2011 .

[26]  Lucy Y. Pao,et al.  Controlling Wind Energy for Utility Grid Reliability , 2013 .

[27]  Ervin Bossanyi,et al.  Further load reductions with individual pitch control , 2005 .

[28]  Mohamed Shawky El Moursi,et al.  Novel Fault Ride-Through Scheme and Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbine , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[29]  Erich Hau,et al.  Wind Turbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics , 1999 .

[30]  Chee Wei Tan,et al.  A review of maximum power point tracking algorithms for wind energy systems , 2012 .

[31]  Alan Wright,et al.  Adding feedforward blade pitch control to standard feedback controllers for load mitigation in wind turbines , 2011 .

[32]  Mark J. Balas,et al.  Generator speed regulation in the presence of structural modes through adaptive control using residual mode filters , 2011 .

[33]  Z J Chen,et al.  An assessment of the effectiveness of individual pitch control on upscaled wind turbines , 2014 .

[34]  Carlo L. Bottasso,et al.  LiDAR-enabled model predictive control of wind turbines with real-time capabilities , 2014 .

[35]  Mark J. Balas,et al.  Systematic Controller Design Methodology for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines , 2000 .

[36]  J Liersch,et al.  A process for providing positive primary control power by wind turbines , 2014 .

[37]  Joan T Richtsmeier,et al.  Craniofacial phenotypes in segmentally trisomic mouse models for Down syndrome. , 2002, American journal of medical genetics.

[38]  Sandia Report,et al.  SMART Wind Turbine Rotor: Design and Field Test , 2014 .

[39]  Lars Christian Henriksen,et al.  Model Predictive Control of a Wind Turbine , 2007 .

[40]  Leonardo Bergami,et al.  Sizing and control of trailing edge flaps on a smart rotor for maximum power generation in low fatigue wind regimes , 2016 .

[41]  Kathryn E. Johnson.  Adaptive Torque Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines , 2004 .

[42]  Ahmed M. Kassem,et al.  Voltage and frequency control of an autonomous hybrid generation system based on linear model predictive control , 2013 .

[43]  N. W. Miller,et al.  Frequency responsive controls for wind plants in grids with wind high penetration , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[44]  J. W. van Wingerden,et al.  Linear individual pitch control design for two‐bladed wind turbines , 2015 .

[45]  Saravanakumar Rajendran,et al.  Control of Variable Speed Variable Pitch Wind Turbine at Above and Below Rated Wind Speed , 2014 .

[46]  Ionel Vechiu,et al.  Wind turbine mechanical stresses reduction and contribution to frequency regulation , 2014 .

[47]  Paul Puleston,et al.  Sliding mode control of wind energy systems with DOIG-power efficiency and torsional dynamics optimization , 2000 .

[48]  Karl Stol,et al.  Scheduled Model Predictive Control of a Wind Tur bine , 2009 .

[49]  Vlaho Petrović,et al.  Advanced control algorithms for reduction of wind turbine structural loads , 2015 .

[50]  Joachim Claudet,et al.  Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area , 2011, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[51]  Debashisha Jena,et al.  Validation of an integral sliding mode control for optimal control of a three blade variable speed variable pitch wind turbine , 2015 .

[52]  Mohammed Chadli,et al.  Fuzzy model based multivariable predictive control of a variable speed wind turbine: LMI approach , 2012 .

[53]  Wolf-Gerrit Fruh,et al.  Evolution of primary frequency control requirements in Great Britain with increasing wind generation , 2015 .

[54]  Ayman Attya,et al.  Wind farms dispatching to manage the activation of frequency support algorithms embedded in connected wind turbines , 2013 .

[55]  Basil Kouvaritakis,et al.  Robust MPC Tower Damping for Variable Speed Wind Turbines , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[56]  V. T. Ranganathan,et al.  A Method of Tracking the Peak Power Points for a Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion System , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[57]  William Leithead,et al.  Supplementing wind turbine pitch control with a trailing edge flap smart rotor , 2014 .

[58]  Faizal Hafiz,et al.  Optimal use of kinetic energy for the inertial support from variable speed wind turbines , 2015 .

[59]  Niels Kjølstad Poulsen,et al.  Full‐scale test of trailing edge flaps on a Vestas V27 wind turbine: active load reduction and system identification , 2014 .

[60]  Lorenzo Fagiano,et al.  On the design and tuning of linear model predictive control for wind turbines , 2015 .

[61]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Comparison of Strategies for Enhancing Energy Capture and Reducing Loads Using LIDAR and Feedforward Control , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[62]  Xiaoyan Ma,et al.  RBF neural network based self-tuning PID pitch control strategy for wind power generation system , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering.

[63]  Mansour Sheikhan,et al.  RBF neural network based PI pitch controller for a class of 5-MW wind turbines using particle swarm optimization algorithm. , 2012, ISA transactions.

[64]  Hui Li,et al.  Development of a Unified Design, Test, and Research Platform for Wind Energy Systems Based on Hardware-in-the-Loop Real-Time Simulation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[65]  Yilmaz Sozer,et al.  Stability Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Method in Wind Power Systems , 2013 .

[66]  Wei Hua,et al.  A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Permanent Magnet Direct Drive Wind Energy Conversion Systems , 2012 .

[67]  J. Landaluze,et al.  Wind Turbine Load Mitigation based on Multivariable Robust Control and Blade Root Sensors , 2014 .

[68]  Eduard Muljadi,et al.  Pitch-controlled variable-speed wind turbine generation , 1999, Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370).

[69]  Hassan Bevrani,et al.  Model predictive based load frequency control_design concerning wind turbines , 2012 .

[70]  J.W. Bialek,et al.  Supervisory Control of a Wind Farm , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[71]  Tai Nengling,et al.  Review of contribution to frequency control through variable speed wind turbine , 2011 .

[72]  H.W.M. Hoeijmakers,et al.  Synthetic jet actuation for load control , 2014 .

[73]  Mao-Hsiung Chiang,et al.  A novel pitch control system for a wind turbine driven by a variable-speed pump-controlled hydraulic servo system , 2011 .

[74]  Rudibert King,et al.  Combined Feedback–Feedforward Control of Wind Turbines Using State-Constrained Model Predictive Control , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[75]  Il-Yop Chung,et al.  Tuning of the PI Controller Parameters of a PMSG Wind Turbine to Improve Control Performance under Various Wind Speeds , 2015 .

[76]  Timothy Jukes.  Smart control of a horizontal axis wind turbine using dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators , 2015 .

[77]  A. Hameed,et al.  Wind Turbines Control: Features and Trends , 2014 .

[78]  Mohit Singh,et al.  Active Power Controls from Wind Power: Bridging the Gaps , 2014 .

[79]  Bhavna Jain,et al.  Control strategies of grid interfaced wind energy conversion system: An overview , 2015 .

[80]  Alan Wright,et al.  Field Testing of Feedforward Collective Pitch Control on the CART2 Using a Nacelle-Based Lidar Scanner , 2014 .

[81]  Cao Binggang,et al.  A new maximum power point tracking control scheme for wind generation , 2002, Proceedings. International Conference on Power System Technology.

[82]  James F. Manwell,et al.  Book Review: Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application , 2006 .

[83]  Gabriel Garcera,et al.  Maximum-power-point tracking with reduced mechanical stress applied to wind-energy-conversion-systems , 2010 .

[84]  Hai-Jiao Guo,et al.  A Novel Algorithm for Fast and Efficient Speed-Sensorless Maximum Power Point Tracking in Wind Energy Conversion Systems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[85]  Fernando D. Bianchi,et al.  Gain scheduled control based on high fidelity local wind turbine models , 2012 .

[86]  Ervin Bossanyi,et al.  Wind Energy Handbook , 2001 .

[87]  Karl Stol,et al.  Performance analysis of individual blade pitch control of offshore wind turbines on two floating platforms , 2011 .

[88]  Tai Nengling,et al.  System frequency regulation in doubly fed induction generators , 2012 .

[89]  Francesco Grimaccia,et al.  Pitch angle control using hybrid controller for all operating regions of SCIG wind turbine system , 2014 .

[90]  Susan A. Frost,et al.  Direct adaptive control of a utility‐scale wind turbine for speed regulation , 2009 .

[91]  Ming Cheng,et al.  The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review , 2014 .

[92]  S. Bacha,et al.  Energy-Reliability Optimization of Wind Energy Conversion Systems by Sliding Mode Control , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[93]  Lucy Y. Pao,et al.  Comparison of Two Independent LIDAR-Based Pitch Control Designs , 2012 .

[94]  Danny Pudjianto,et al.  Virtual power plant and system integration of distributed energy resources , 2007 .

[95]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Lidar-assisted wind turbine feedforward torque controller design below rated , 2014, 2014 American Control Conference.

[96]  Karl Stol,et al.  Model predictive control of a wind turbine using short‐term wind field predictions , 2013 .

[97]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Special issue on “Past, present and future modeling and control of wind turbines” , 2011 .

[98]  Morten Hartvig Hansen,et al.  Model Predictive Individual Pitch Control Based on Local Inflow Measurements , 2011 .

[99]  C. Evangelista,et al.  Wind turbine efficiency optimization. Comparative study of controllers based on second order sliding modes , 2010 .

[100]  Muhammad Asghar Saqib,et al.  Power-quality issues and the need for reactive-power compensation in the grid integration of wind power , 2015 .

[101]  Poul Ejnar Sørensen,et al.  Control design for a pitch-regulated, variable speed wind turbine , 2005 .

[102]  Tae Tom Oomen,et al.  Subspace predictive repetitive control to mitigate periodic loads on large scale wind turbines , 2014 .

[103]  Carlo L. Bottasso,et al.  Cyclic pitch control for the reduction of ultimate loads on wind turbines , 2014 .