Recursive Path Planning Using Reduced States for Car-Like Vehicles on Grid Maps

We present a recursive path-planning method that efficiently generates a path by using reduced states of the search space and taking into account the kinematics, shape, and turning space of a car-like vehicle. Our method is based on a kinematics-aware node expansion method that checks for collisions based on the shape and turning space of a vehicle. We present two heuristics that simultaneously consider the kinematics of a vehicle with and without obstacles. In particular, for challenging environments containing complex obstacles and even narrow passages, we recursively identify intermediate goals and nodes that allow the vehicle to compute a path to its destination. We show the benefits of our method through simulations and experimental results by using an autonomous ground vehicle. Furthermore, we show that our method can efficiently generate a collision-free path for vehicles in complex environments with passageways.

[1]  Ariel Felner,et al.  Theta*: Any-Angle Path Planning on Grids , 2007, AAAI.

[2]  Dinesh Manocha,et al.  A hybrid approach for complete motion planning , 2007, 2007 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[3]  Nils J. Nilsson,et al.  A Formal Basis for the Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths , 1968, IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern..

[4]  L. Dubins On Curves of Minimal Length with a Constraint on Average Curvature, and with Prescribed Initial and Terminal Positions and Tangents , 1957 .

[5]  Gianluca Antonelli,et al.  A Fuzzy-Logic-Based Approach for Mobile Robot Path Tracking , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems.

[6]  Lawrence Mandow,et al.  Multicriteria heuristic search , 2003, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[7]  J. K. Hedrick,et al.  Vehicle Speed and Spacing Control Via Coordinated Throttle and Brake Actuation , 1996 .

[8]  Keith Redmill,et al.  Systems for Safety and Autonomous Behavior in Cars: The DARPA Grand Challenge Experience , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[9]  Howie Choset,et al.  Principles of Robot Motion: Theory, Algorithms, and Implementation ERRATA!!!! 1 , 2007 .

[10]  Jaehyuk Huh,et al.  HPCCD: Hybrid Parallel Continuous Collision Detection using CPUs and GPUs , 2009, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[11]  C.R. Jung,et al.  A lane departure warning system using lateral offset with uncalibrated camera , 2005, Proceedings. 2005 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2005..

[12]  Jean-Paul Laumond,et al.  Linear dimensionality reduction in random motion planning , 2011, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[13]  Corina Sandu,et al.  Vehicle Dynamics: Theory and Applications , 2010 .

[14]  Reza N. Jazar,et al.  Vehicle Dynamics: Theory and Application , 2009 .

[15]  J. Schroder,et al.  Navigating car-like robots in unstructured environments using an obstacle sensitive cost function , 2008, 2008 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium.

[16]  B. Faverjon,et al.  Probabilistic Roadmaps for Path Planning in High-Dimensional Con(cid:12)guration Spaces , 1996 .

[17]  Eun-Hwan Shin,et al.  Accuracy Improvement of Low Cost INS/GPS for Land Applications , 2002 .

[18]  Marilena Vendittelli,et al.  Obstacle distance for car-like robots , 1999, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[19]  Sanjiv Singh,et al.  The DARPA Urban Challenge: Autonomous Vehicles in City Traffic, George Air Force Base, Victorville, California, USA , 2009, The DARPA Urban Challenge.

[20]  Judea Pearl,et al.  Heuristics : intelligent search strategies for computer problem solving , 1984 .

[21]  Sven Koenig,et al.  Fast replanning for navigation in unknown terrain , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[22]  Carl D. Crane,et al.  Autonomous ground vehicle path tracking , 2004, J. Field Robotics.

[23]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  Sampling-based algorithms for optimal motion planning , 2011, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[24]  Florent Lamiraux,et al.  Smooth motion planning for car-like vehicles , 2001, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[25]  RaphaelBertram,et al.  Correction to "A Formal Basis for the Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths" , 1972 .

[26]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  Anytime Motion Planning using the RRT* , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[27]  Steven M. LaValle,et al.  On the Relationship between Classical Grid Search and Probabilistic Roadmaps , 2004, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[28]  Judea Pearl,et al.  Heuristics - intelligent search strategies for computer problem solving , 1984, Addison-Wesley series in artificial intelligence.

[29]  Junghwan Lee,et al.  A Selective Retraction-Based RRT Planner for Various Environments , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[30]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  On the Dubins Traveling Salesman Problem , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[31]  David Hyunchul Shim,et al.  SLPA $^{\ast}$: Shape-Aware Lifelong Planning A $^{\ast}$ for Differential Wheeled Vehicles , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[32]  Ren C. Luo,et al.  Multisensor Fusion-Based Concurrent Environment Mapping and Moving Object Detection for Intelligent Service Robotics , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[33]  Anthony Stentz,et al.  Using interpolation to improve path planning: The Field D* algorithm , 2006, J. Field Robotics.

[34]  Steven M. LaValle,et al.  Randomized Kinodynamic Planning , 1999, Proceedings 1999 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.99CH36288C).

[35]  G. G. Stokes "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[36]  Spyros G. Tzafestas,et al.  The Approximate Cell Decomposition with Local Node Refinement Global Path Planning Method: Path Nodes Refinement and Curve Parametric Interpolation , 1998, J. Intell. Robotic Syst..

[37]  Birgit Graf,et al.  Flexible Path Planning for Nonholonomic Mobile Robots , 2001 .

[38]  Jean-Claude Latombe,et al.  On the Probabilistic Foundations of Probabilistic Roadmap Planning , 2006, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[39]  David Hsu,et al.  The bridge test for sampling narrow passages with probabilistic roadmap planners , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.03CH37422).

[40]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  Path Planning for Autonomous Vehicles in Unknown Semi-structured Environments , 2010, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[41]  Marilena Vendittelli,et al.  Real-time map building and navigation for autonomous robots in unknown environments , 1998, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B.

[42]  João P. Hespanha,et al.  Trajectory-Tracking and Path-Following of Underactuated Autonomous Vehicles With Parametric Modeling Uncertainty , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[43]  Nils J. Nilsson,et al.  Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis , 1997 .

[44]  Abdullah Al Mamun,et al.  Boundary following and globally convergent path planning using instant goals , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[45]  Oliver Brock,et al.  Planning Long Dynamically-Feasible Maneuvers for Autonomous Vehicles , 2009 .

[46]  Fumio Miyazaki,et al.  A stable tracking control method for a non-holonomic mobile robot , 1991, Proceedings IROS '91:IEEE/RSJ International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and Systems '91.

[47]  Maxim Likhachev,et al.  Planning Long Dynamically Feasible Maneuvers for Autonomous Vehicles , 2008, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[48]  Mark H. Overmars,et al.  The corridor map method: a general framework for real‐time high‐quality path planning , 2007, Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds.

[49]  David Furcy,et al.  Lifelong Planning A , 2004, Artif. Intell..

[50]  Ross A. Knepper,et al.  High Performance State Lattice Planning Using Heuristic Look-Up Tables , 2006, 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.