Anti-Glass patterns and real motion perception: same or different mechanisms?

A sequence of anti-Glass patterns, composed by dot pairs with opposite luminance polarity, elicits a clear perception of motion in the direction of the white dot of the pair. This effect can be reversed by introducing a delay in the presentation of white dots, suggesting a faster processing of light dots as a cause of the motion signal (M. M. Del Viva, M. Gori, & D. C. Burr, 2006). If this hypothesis is correct, anti-Glass patterns should interact with real motion signals. In this study, we compare the motion induced by these stimuli to test whether they are analyzed by the same motion mechanism. We found that motion induced by anti-Glass patterns annuls real motion, when they are presented simultaneously in the same display and moving in opposite directions. By lowering the contrast of one of them, motion toward the stimulus with higher contrast prevails. We also found sub-threshold summation of motion induced by anti-Glass patterns and real motion, when presented simultaneously and moving in the same direction. These findings indicate that anti-Glass patterns and moving stimuli are processed by the same, contrast-dependent motion mechanism and lend further support to the proposed explanation of the effect.

[1]  D. Hubel,et al.  Ferrier lecture - Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex , 1977, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[2]  D. Hubel.  Eye, brain, and vision , 1988 .

[3]  W. Newsome,et al.  Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. II. Spatiotemporal range of directional interactions in MT and V1. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[4]  Van Essen Dc.  Behind the optic nerve: an inside view of the primate visual system. , 1995 .

[5]  N. Kanwisher,et al.  Activation in Human MT/MST by Static Images with Implied Motion , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[6]  上野 真治.  Luminance dependence of neural components that underlies the primate photopic electroretinogram , 2004 .

[7]  E. Chichilnisky,et al.  Functional Asymmetries in ON and OFF Ganglion Cells of Primate Retina , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[8]  H. Wilson,et al.  Concentric orientation summation in human form vision , 1997, Vision Research.

[9]  L. Glass,et al.  Pattern Recognition in Humans: Correlations Which Cannot be Perceived , 1976, Perception.

[10]  W. Weibull.  A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability , 1951 .

[11]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Sensitivity of MST neurons to optic flow stimuli. I. A continuum of response selectivity to large-field stimuli. , 1991, Journal of neurophysiology.

[12]  Keiji Tanaka.  Inferotemporal cortex and higher visual functions , 1992, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[13]  Anthony J. Movshon,et al.  Signals in Macaque Striate Cortical Neurons that Support the Perception of Glass Patterns , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[14]  B. Ripley,et al.  Pattern Recognition , 1968, Nature.

[15]  T. Wiesel,et al.  Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex , 1977 .

[16]  D. Burr,et al.  Two stages of visual processing for radial and circular motion , 1995, Nature.

[17]  E H Adelson,et al.  Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[18]  D. Burr,et al.  The effects of opposite-polarity dipoles on the detection of Glass patterns , 2006, Vision Research.

[19]  M G Harris,et al.  Independent Detectors for Expansion and Rotation, and for Orthogonal Components of Deformation , 2001, Perception.

[20]  Wilson S. Geisler,et al.  Motion streaks provide a spatial code for motion direction , 1999, Nature.

[21]  Bevil R. Conway,et al.  Space-time maps and two-bar interactions of different classes of direction-selective cells in macaque V-1. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[22]  S. M. Axstis.  PHI MOVEMENT AS A SUBTRACTION PROCESS , 1970 .

[23]  Daniel C Kiper,et al.  The detection of colored Glass patterns. , 2003, Journal of vision.

[24]  N. Graham.  Visual Pattern Analyzers , 1989 .

[25]  D. Hubel,et al.  Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex , 1962, The Journal of physiology.

[26]  Hirohisa Yaguchi,et al.  Detection of relative and uniform motion. , 2002, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[27]  E. Adelson,et al.  The analysis of moving visual patterns , 1985 .

[28]  D C Van Essen,et al.  Behind the optic nerve: an inside view of the primate visual system. , 1995, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society.

[29]  M. Tovée,et al.  An Introduction to the Visual System , 1997 .

[30]  J. Hegdé,et al.  Selectivity for Complex Shapes in Primate Visual Area V2 , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[31]  J. Ross.  The perceived direction and speed of global motion in Glass pattern sequences , 2004, Vision Research.

[32]  Takao Sato,et al.  Reversed apparent motion with random dot patterns , 1989, Vision Research.

[33]  W. Newsome,et al.  Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. I. Mechanisms of direction and speed selectivity in extrastriate area MT. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[34]  Zoe Kourtzi,et al.  Implied motion from form in the human visual cortex. , 2005, Journal of neurophysiology.

[35]  W Reichardt,et al.  Autocorrelation, a principle for evaluation of sensory information by the central nervous system , 1961 .

[36]  Vincent P Ferrera,et al.  Detection thresholds for spiral Glass patterns , 2001, Vision Research.

[37]  K. Tanaka,et al.  Underlying mechanisms of the response specificity of expansion/contraction and rotation cells in the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area of the macaque monkey. , 1989, Journal of neurophysiology.

[38]  Benjamin T Backus,et al.  Illusory motion from change over time in the response to contrast and luminance. , 2005, Journal of vision.

[39]  H. Wilson,et al.  Detection of global structure in Glass patterns: implications for form vision , 1998, Vision Research.

[40]  W. Newsome,et al.  A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT) , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[41]  D. Burr,et al.  Temporal integration of optic flow, measured by contrast and coherence thresholds , 2001, Vision Research.

[42]  Frank Bremmer,et al.  Neural correlates of implied motion , 2003, Nature.

[43]  T D Albright,et al.  Form-cue invariant motion processing in primate visual cortex. , 1992, Science.

[44]  L. Glass.  Moiré Effect from Random Dots , 1969, Nature.

[45]  J. A Wilson,et al.  Glass pattern studies of local and global processing of contrast variations , 2004, Vision Research.

[46]  David R. Badcock,et al.  Coherent global motion in the absence of coherent velocity signals , 2000, Current Biology.

[47]  D. Burr,et al.  A cortical area that responds specifically to optic flow, revealed by fMRI , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[48]  J. van Santen,et al.  Elaborated Reichardt detectors. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[49]  S C Dakin,et al.  Glass Patterns: Some Contrast Effects Re-Evaluated , 1997, Perception.

[50]  D. Heeger,et al.  Motion Opponency in Visual Cortex , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[51]  S Zeki,et al.  Going beyond the information given: the relation of illusory visual motion to brain activity , 1993, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[52]  H. Barlow,et al.  Convergent evidence for the visual analysis of optic flow through anisotropic attenuation of high spatial frequencies. , 2004, Journal of vision.

[53]  Monica Gori,et al.  Powerful motion illusion caused by temporal asymmetries in ON and OFF visual pathways. , 2006, Journal of neurophysiology.

[54]  Bevil R. Conway,et al.  Neural Basis for a Powerful Static Motion Illusion , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[55]  D C Van Essen,et al.  Information processing in the primate visual system: an integrated systems perspective. , 1992, Science.

[56]  John H. R. Maunsell,et al.  Coding of image contrast in central visual pathways of the macaque monkey , 1990, Vision Research.

[57]  A. Watson,et al.  Quest: A Bayesian adaptive psychometric method , 1983, Perception & psychophysics.

[58]  S. Dakin,et al.  Local and global visual grouping: tuning for spatial frequency and contrast. , 2001, Journal of vision.

[59]  Anna Brooks,et al.  An illusion of coherent global motion arising from single brief presentations of a stationary stimulus , 2003, Vision Research.

[60]  Temporal Integration. , 1958, Canadian Medical Association journal.

[61]  Ravi S. Menon,et al.  An fMRI study of the selective activation of human extrastriate form vision areas by radial and concentric gratings , 2000, Current Biology.

[62]  R. Andersen,et al.  Transparent motion perception as detection of unbalanced motion signals. II. Physiology , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[63]  K. Prazdny,et al.  Some new phenomena in the perception of glass patterns , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[64]  R A Andersen,et al.  Transparent motion perception as detection of unbalanced motion signals. I. Psychophysics , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.