Distributed Control of Robotic Networks: A Mathematical Approach to Motion Coordination Algorithms

This self-contained introduction to the distributed control of robotic networks offers a distinctive blend of computer science and control theory. The book presents a broad set of tools for understanding coordination algorithms, determining their correctness, and assessing their complexity; and it analyzes various cooperative strategies for tasks such as consensus, rendezvous, connectivity maintenance, deployment, and boundary estimation. The unifying theme is a formal model for robotic networks that explicitly incorporates their communication, sensing, control, and processing capabilities--a model that in turn leads to a common formal language to describe and analyze coordination algorithms.Written for first- and second-year graduate students in control and robotics, the book will also be useful to researchers in control theory, robotics, distributed algorithms, and automata theory. The book provides explanations of the basic concepts and main results, as well as numerous examples and exercises.Self-contained exposition of graph-theoretic concepts, distributed algorithms, and complexity measures for processor networks with fixed interconnection topology and for robotic networks with position-dependent interconnection topology Detailed treatment of averaging and consensus algorithms interpreted as linear iterations on synchronous networks Introduction of geometric notions such as partitions, proximity graphs, and multicenter functions Detailed treatment of motion coordination algorithms for deployment, rendezvous, connectivity maintenance, and boundary estimation

[1]  Hadas Kress-Gazit,et al.  Temporal Logic Motion Planning for Mobile Robots , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[2]  Sonia Martínez,et al.  Coverage control for mobile sensing networks , 2002, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation.

[3]  Giorgio Picci,et al.  Almost sure convergence of random gossip algorithms , 2007, 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[4]  Andrea Goldsmith,et al.  Wireless Communications , 2005, 2021 15th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS).

[5]  Nancy A. Lynch,et al.  Hybrid I/O automata , 2003, Inf. Comput..

[6]  Alessandro Astolfi,et al.  Exponential Stabilization of a Wheeled Mobile Robot Via Discontinuous Control , 1999 .

[7]  Joseph S. B. Mitchell,et al.  On the Continuous Fermat-Weber Problem , 2005, Oper. Res..

[8]  Eric Klavins,et al.  Communication Complexity of Multi-robot Systems , 2002, WAFR.

[9]  Charles R. Johnson,et al.  Matrix analysis , 1985, Statistical Inference for Engineers and Data Scientists.

[10]  Alain Sarlette,et al.  Consensus Optimization on Manifolds , 2008, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[11]  Andrea L. Bertozzi,et al.  Tracking Environmental Level Sets with Autonomous Vehicles , 2004 .

[12]  Vicsek,et al.  Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles. , 1995, Physical review letters.

[13]  Sven Skyum A simple algorithm for computing the smallest enclosing circle , 1990 .

[14]  Kevin M. Passino,et al.  Stability analysis of swarms , 2003, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[15]  Ruggero Carli,et al.  Quantized average consensus via dynamic coding/decoding schemes , 2008, 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[16]  Bruce Francis Distributed Control of Autonomous Mobile Robots , 2011 .

[17]  Nancy A. Lynch,et al.  Distributed Algorithms , 1992, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[18]  S. Gueron,et al.  Self-organization of front patterns in large wildebeest herds , 1993 .

[19]  Carl D. Meyer,et al.  Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra , 2000 .

[20]  ArneAndersson LundUniversity Is Necessary and Sufficient# , 1996 .

[21]  M. Spong,et al.  Robot Modeling and Control , 2005 .

[22]  Anouck Girard,et al.  Leaderless Formation Control using Dynamic Extension and Sliding Control , 2008 .

[23]  Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte,et al.  A decentralized Bayesian algorithm for identification of tracked targets , 1993, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[24]  Mireille E. Broucke,et al.  Local control strategies for groups of mobile autonomous agents , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[25]  Gaurav S. Sukhatme,et al.  Coverage, Exploration and Deployment by a Mobile Robot and Communication Network , 2003, Telecommun. Syst..

[26]  George J. Pappas,et al.  Flocking in Fixed and Switching Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[27]  L. Shepp,et al.  OPTIMAL PATHS FOR A CAR THAT GOES BOTH FORWARDS AND BACKWARDS , 1990 .

[28]  Mehran Mesbahi,et al.  On maximizing the second smallest eigenvalue of a state-dependent graph Laplacian , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[29]  A. Harcourt,et al.  Gorillas' Vocalizations During Rest Periods: Signals of Impending Departure? , 1994 .

[30]  Subir Kumar Ghosh,et al.  Approximation algorithms for art gallery problems in polygons , 2010, Discret. Appl. Math..

[31]  Judea Pearl,et al.  Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems - networks of plausible inference , 1991, Morgan Kaufmann series in representation and reasoning.

[32]  Isaac Balberg Continuum Percolation , 2009, Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science.

[33]  Lynne E. Parker,et al.  Multi-Robot Systems: From Swarms to Intelligent Automata , 2002, Springer Netherlands.

[34]  A. D. Lewis,et al.  Geometric Control of Mechanical Systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[35]  R. Axelrod The Dissemination of Culture , 1997 .

[36]  Gaurav S. Sukhatme,et al.  Experiments with a Large Heterogeneous Mobile Robot Team: Exploration, Mapping, Deployment and Detection , 2006, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[37]  Panganamala Ramana Kumar,et al.  RHEINISCH-WESTFÄLISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE AACHEN , 2001 .

[38]  Franz Aurenhammer,et al.  Handbook of Computational Geometry , 2000 .

[39]  Naomi Ehrich Leonard,et al.  Nonuniform coverage and cartograms , 2009, 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[40]  Dimitri P. Bertsekas,et al.  Parallel synchronous and asynchronous implementations of the auction algorithm , 1991, Parallel Comput..

[41]  R. A. Vitale,et al.  Polygonal approxi-mation of plane convex bodies , 1975 .

[42]  Sonia Martínez,et al.  Robust rendezvous for mobile autonomous agents via proximity graphs in arbitrary dimensions , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[43]  D. Kydon,et al.  Analytical Aspects of the N-Bug Problem , 1969 .

[44]  Johannes Schumacher,et al.  An Introduction to Hybrid Dynamical Systems, Springer Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences 251 , 1999 .

[45]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  Multirobot Rendezvous With Visibility Sensors in Nonconvex Environments , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[46]  Gregory Dudek,et al.  Multi-robot collaboration for robust exploration , 2004, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.

[47]  Andrew B. Kahng,et al.  Cooperative Mobile Robotics: Antecedents and Directions , 1997, Auton. Robots.

[48]  J. P. Lasalle The stability and control of discrete processes , 1986 .

[49]  Mireille E. Broucke,et al.  Local control strategies for groups of mobile autonomous agents , 2003, 42nd IEEE International Conference on Decision and Control (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37475).

[50]  Godfried T. Toussaint,et al.  Computational geometry and facility location , 1990 .

[51]  Amr El Abbadi,et al.  Distributed average consensus with stochastic communication failures , 2007, 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[52]  A. Jadbabaie,et al.  On the stability of the Kuramoto model of coupled nonlinear oscillators , 2005, Proceedings of the 2004 American Control Conference.

[53]  R. Bartle The elements of integration and Lebesgue measure , 1995 .

[54]  A. Arsie,et al.  Efficient routing of multiple vehicles with no communication , 2007, 2007 American Control Conference.

[55]  Zhong-Ping Jiang,et al.  Input-to-state stability for discrete-time nonlinear systems , 1999 .

[56]  Dimitri P. Bertsekas,et al.  Parallel primal-dual methods for the minimum cost flow problem , 1993, Comput. Optim. Appl..

[57]  N. Krasovskii Stability of Motion: Applications of Lyapunov's Second Method to Differential Systems and Equations with Delay , 1963 .

[58]  Jorge Cortés,et al.  Asymptotic Optimality of Multicenter Voronoi Configurations for Random Field Estimation , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[59]  William B. Dunbar,et al.  Distributed receding horizon control for multi-vehicle formation stabilization , 2006, Autom..

[60]  S. Strogatz,et al.  Synchronization of pulse-coupled biological oscillators , 1990 .

[61]  S. Strogatz From Kuramoto to Crawford: exploring the onset of synchronization in populations of coupled oscillators , 2000 .

[62]  Nicola Santoro,et al.  Hard Tasks for Weak Robots: The Role of Common Knowledge in Pattern Formation by Autonomous Mobile Robots , 1999, ISAAC.

[63]  Yoshiki Kuramoto,et al.  Chemical Oscillations, Waves, and Turbulence , 1984, Springer Series in Synergetics.

[64]  Luc Moreau,et al.  Stability of multiagent systems with time-dependent communication links , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[65]  Sonia Mart́ınez Practical multiagent rendezvous through modified circumcenter algorithms , 2009, Autom..

[66]  Dusan M. Stipanovic,et al.  Effective Coverage Control for Mobile Sensor Networks With Guaranteed Collision Avoidance , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[67]  A. Odlyzko,et al.  Bounds for eigenvalues of certain stochastic matrices , 1981 .

[68]  Calin Belta,et al.  Abstraction and control for Groups of robots , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[69]  I. Chavel Eigenvalues in Riemannian geometry , 1984 .

[70]  Sariel Har-Peled,et al.  Guarding galleries and terrains , 2002, Inf. Process. Lett..

[71]  A. Stephen Morse Multi-Agent Formations and Sensor Networks , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[72]  John N. Tsitsiklis,et al.  Convergence Speed in Distributed Consensus and Averaging , 2009, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[73]  Masayuki Fujita,et al.  Passivity-based 3D attitude coordination: Convergence and connectivity , 2007, 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[74]  Robert Gardner,et al.  The Elements Of Integration , 1968 .

[75]  M. Spong,et al.  On Synchronization of Kuramoto Oscillators , 2005, Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[76]  Qiang Du,et al.  Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations: Applications and Algorithms , 1999, SIAM Rev..

[77]  M. Degroot Reaching a Consensus , 1974 .

[78]  Vijay Kumar,et al.  Sensing and coverage for a network of heterogeneous robots , 2008, 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[79]  R.M. Murray,et al.  On the robustness of distributed algorithms , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[80]  L. Schumaker,et al.  Curves and surfaces in geometric design , 1994 .

[81]  Said Salhi,et al.  Facility Location: A Survey of Applications and Methods , 1996 .

[82]  V. Chvátal A combinatorial theorem in plane geometry , 1975 .

[83]  Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi,et al.  On consensus over random networks , 2006 .

[84]  Ruggero Carli,et al.  Quantized average consensus via dynamic coding/decoding schemes , 2010 .

[85]  F. Clarke Optimization And Nonsmooth Analysis , 1983 .

[86]  Franz Aurenhammer,et al.  Voronoi diagrams—a survey of a fundamental geometric data structure , 1991, CSUR.

[87]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Coordinated multi-robot exploration , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[88]  John N. Tsitsiklis,et al.  Problems in decentralized decision making and computation , 1984 .

[89]  F. Bullo,et al.  On Synchronous Robotic Networks—Part I: Models, Tasks, and Complexity , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[90]  R.M. Murray,et al.  Motion planning with wireless network constraints , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005, American Control Conference, 2005..

[91]  Mireille E. Broucke,et al.  A hierarchical cyclic pursuit scheme for vehicle networks , 2005, Autom..

[92]  R. Olfati-Saber Ultrafast consensus in small-world networks , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005, American Control Conference, 2005..

[93]  E. Allen Emerson,et al.  Temporal and Modal Logic , 1991, Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, Volume B: Formal Models and Sematics.

[94]  Fernando Paganini,et al.  A Course in Robust Control Theory , 2000 .

[95]  Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi,et al.  Small world phenomenon, rapidly mixing Markov chains, and average consensus algorithms , 2007, 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[96]  Vijay Gupta,et al.  Minimal Interconnection Topology in Distributed Control Design , 2006, 2006 American Control Conference.

[97]  Axthonv G. Oettinger,et al.  IEEE Transactions on Information Theory , 1998 .

[98]  Vikrant Sharma,et al.  Transfer Time Complexity of Conflict-free Vehicle Routing with no Communications , 2007, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[99]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  Optimal sensor placement and motion coordination for target tracking , 2006, Autom..

[100]  F. Bullo,et al.  Motion Coordination with Distributed Information , 2007 .

[101]  Mireille E. Broucke,et al.  Formations of vehicles in cyclic pursuit , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[102]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  Special Issue on Control and Optimization in Cooperative Networks , 2009, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[103]  A. Astolfl,et al.  Exponential Stabilization of a Wheeled Mobile Robot Via Discontinuous Control , 2007 .

[104]  Sonia Martínez,et al.  Monitoring Environmental Boundaries With a Robotic Sensor Network , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[105]  John N. Tsitsiklis,et al.  Distributed asynchronous deterministic and stochastic gradient optimization algorithms , 1986 .

[106]  Vin de Silva,et al.  Coverage in sensor networks via persistent homology , 2007 .

[107]  Friedhelm Meyer auf der Heide,et al.  Smart Robot Teams Exploring Sparse Trees , 2006, MFCS.

[108]  Behrooz Parhami,et al.  Introduction to Parallel Processing: Algorithms and Architectures , 1999 .

[109]  A. Volgenant,et al.  Facility location: a survey of applications and methods , 1996 .

[110]  Sai-Ming Li,et al.  Forest fire monitoring with multiple small UAVs , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005, American Control Conference, 2005..

[111]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  Esaim: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations Spatially-distributed Coverage Optimization and Control with Limited-range Interactions , 2022 .

[112]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  Decentralized algorithms for stochastic and dynamic vehicle routing with general demand distribution , 2007, 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[113]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  Notes on averaging over acyclic digraphs and discrete coverage control , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[114]  Mark de Berg,et al.  Computational Geometry: Algorithms and Applications, Second Edition , 2000 .

[115]  M. Fiedler Special matrices and their applications in numerical mathematics , 1986 .

[116]  Dimos V. Dimarogonas,et al.  On the Rendezvous Problem for Multiple Nonholonomic Agents , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[117]  I. Couzin,et al.  Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move , 2005, Nature.

[118]  Michael William Newman,et al.  The Laplacian spectrum of graphs , 2001 .

[119]  S. P. Lloyd,et al.  Least squares quantization in PCM , 1982, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[120]  Robert P. Goldman,et al.  Coordinated deployment of multiple, heterogeneous robots , 2000, Proceedings. 2000 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2000) (Cat. No.00CH37113).

[121]  A. Jadbabaie,et al.  A One-Parameter Family of Distributed Consensus Algorithms with Boundary: From Shortest Paths to Mean Hitting Times , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[122]  J. Shamma,et al.  Belief consensus and distributed hypothesis testing in sensor networks , 2006 .

[123]  Béla Bollobás,et al.  Random Graphs, Second Edition , 2001, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics.

[124]  Christos G. Cassandras,et al.  Distributed Coverage Control in Sensor Network Environments with Polygonal Obstacles , 2008 .

[125]  A. Papachristodoulou,et al.  Synchonization in Oscillator Networks with Heterogeneous Delays, Switching Topologies and Nonlinear Dynamics , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[126]  Ali Jadbabaie,et al.  Distributed Geodesic Control Laws for Flocking of Nonholonomic Agents , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[127]  Jorge Cortes,et al.  Distributed coverage of nonconvex environments , 2008 .

[128]  Timothy W. McLain,et al.  Cooperative forest fire surveillance using a team of small unmanned air vehicles , 2006, Int. J. Syst. Sci..

[129]  Steven H. Strogatz,et al.  Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order , 2003 .

[130]  David W. Payton,et al.  Pheromone Robotics , 2001, Auton. Robots.

[131]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  Decentralized Policies for Geometric Pattern Formation and Path Coverage , 2007 .

[132]  N. Wiener,et al.  Nonlinear Problems in Random Theory , 1964 .

[133]  Corey Schumacher,et al.  Task allocation for wide area search munitions with variable path length , 2003, Proceedings of the 2003 American Control Conference, 2003..

[134]  Michael Ian Shamos,et al.  Computational geometry: an introduction , 1985 .

[135]  Brian D. O. Anderson,et al.  Control of Minimally Persistent Formations in the Plane , 2009, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[136]  T. Seeley,et al.  Group decision making in swarms of honey bees , 1999, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.

[137]  Manfredi Maggiore,et al.  State Agreement for Continuous-Time Coupled Nonlinear Systems , 2007, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[138]  Xiaoming Hu,et al.  Distributed Consensus in Multi-vehicle Cooperative Control: Theory and Applications (Ren, W. and Beard, R.W.; 2008) [Book Shelf] , 2010, IEEE Control Systems.

[139]  Julien M. Hendrickx,et al.  Graphs and networks for the analysis of autonomous agent systems , 2008 .

[140]  Atsuyuki Okabe,et al.  Spatial Tessellations: Concepts and Applications of Voronoi Diagrams, Second Edition , 2000, Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics.

[141]  Mark de Berg,et al.  Computational geometry: algorithms and applications , 1997 .

[142]  Karl Henrik Johansson,et al.  On multi-vehicle rendezvous under quantized communication , 2004 .

[143]  László Lovász,et al.  Random Walks on Graphs: A Survey , 1993 .

[144]  Nidhi Kalra,et al.  Market-Based Multirobot Coordination: A Survey and Analysis , 2006, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[145]  Joseph S. B. Mitchell,et al.  Shortest Paths and Networks , 2004, Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry, 2nd Ed..

[146]  A. Hasman,et al.  Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: Networks of plausible inference , 1991 .

[147]  P. Holmes,et al.  Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields , 1983, Applied Mathematical Sciences.

[148]  P. S. Krishnaprasad,et al.  Equilibria and steering laws for planar formations , 2004, Syst. Control. Lett..

[149]  Ricardo G. Sanfelice,et al.  Invariance Principles for Hybrid Systems With Connections to Detectability and Asymptotic Stability , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[150]  Felipe Cucker,et al.  Emergent Behavior in Flocks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[151]  R. Cogburn The ergodic theory of Markov chains in random environments , 1984 .

[152]  Claire J. Tomlin,et al.  Conjugate Points in Formation Constrained Optimal Multi-Agent Coordination: A Case Study , 2007, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[153]  Reza Olfati-Saber,et al.  Flocking for multi-agent dynamic systems: algorithms and theory , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[154]  Sonia Martínez,et al.  On the convergence time of distributed quantized averaging algorithms , 2008, 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[155]  Alain Sarlette,et al.  Synchronization and balancing on the N-torus , 2007, Syst. Control. Lett..

[156]  George J. Pappas,et al.  Potential Fields for Maintaining Connectivity of Mobile Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[157]  Petter Ögren,et al.  Cooperative control of mobile sensor networks:Adaptive gradient climbing in a distributed environment , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[158]  Andrea L. Bertozzi,et al.  Determining Environmental Boundaries: Asynchronous Communication and Physical Scales , 2005 .

[159]  Jean-Jacques E. Slotine,et al.  A theoretical study of different leader roles in networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[160]  Ruggero Carli,et al.  Communication constraints in the average consensus problem , 2008, Autom..

[161]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  On synchronous robotic networks Part II: Time complexity of rendezvous and deployment algorithms , 2007, Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[162]  Justin Hayes,et al.  Communication enhanced navigation strategies for teams of mobile agents , 2003, Proceedings 2003 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2003) (Cat. No.03CH37453).

[163]  Zvi Drezner,et al.  Facility location - applications and theory , 2001 .

[164]  Walter Whiteley,et al.  Rigidity and scene analysis , 2004, Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry, 2nd Ed..

[165]  John D. Radke,et al.  On the Shape of a Set of Points , 1988 .

[166]  Panganamala Ramana Kumar,et al.  The Number of Neighbors Needed for Connectivity of Wireless Networks , 2004, Wirel. Networks.

[167]  Keunmo Kang,et al.  Communication Resources for Disturbance Rejection in Coordinated Vehicle Control , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[168]  Guillaume Deffuant,et al.  Mixing beliefs among interacting agents , 2000, Adv. Complex Syst..

[169]  David Peleg,et al.  Distributed Computing: A Locality-Sensitive Approach , 1987 .

[170]  Mehran Mesbahi,et al.  On state-dependent dynamic graphs and their controllability properties , 2004, 2004 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37601).

[171]  P. Antsaklis,et al.  Asynchronous Consensus Protocols Using Nonlinear Paracontractions Theory , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[172]  Vijay V. Vazirani,et al.  Approximation Algorithms , 2001, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[173]  Paolo Santi Topology control in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks , 2005 .

[174]  Timothy W. McLain,et al.  Coordinated target assignment and intercept for unmanned air vehicles , 2002, Proceedings 2002 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.02CH37292).

[175]  Gaurav S. Sukhatme,et al.  Mobile Sensor Network Deployment using Potential Fields : A Distributed , Scalable Solution to the Area Coverage Problem , 2002 .

[176]  F. Bullo,et al.  Decentralized algorithms for vehicle routing in a stochastic time-varying environment , 2004, 2004 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37601).

[177]  Henk Nijmeijer,et al.  A dynamical control view on synchronization , 2001 .

[178]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  Distributed policies for equitable partitioning: Theory and applications , 2008, 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[179]  Jan Lorenz,et al.  Repeated Averaging and Bounded Confidence Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Continuous Opinion Dynamics (Wiederholtes Mitteln bei beschränktem VertrauenModellierung, Analyse und Simulation von kontinuierlicher Meinungsdynamik) , 2007 .

[180]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  Efficient Routing Algorithms for Multiple Vehicles With no Explicit Communications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[181]  R. Murray,et al.  Graph rigidity and distributed formation stabilization of multi-vehicle systems , 2002, Proceedings of the 41st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 2002..

[182]  Lynne E. Parker,et al.  Guest editorial advances in multirobot systems , 2002, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[183]  Brian D. O. Anderson,et al.  The Multi-Agent Rendezvous Problem. Part 2: The Asynchronous Case , 2007, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[184]  Brian D. O. Anderson,et al.  Reaching a Consensus in a Dynamically Changing Environment: Convergence Rates, Measurement Delays, and Asynchronous Events , 2008, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[185]  A. Winfree The geometry of biological time , 1991 .

[186]  Manfredi Maggiore,et al.  Necessary and sufficient graphical conditions for formation control of unicycles , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[187]  Naomi Ehrich Leonard,et al.  Coordinated patterns of unit speed particles on a closed curve , 2007, Syst. Control. Lett..

[188]  Joseph O'Rourke,et al.  Computational Geometry in C. , 1995 .

[189]  Gregory Dudek,et al.  Collaborative Robot Exploration and Rendezvous: Algorithms, Performance Bounds and Observations , 2001, Auton. Robots.

[190]  Micha Sharir,et al.  Efficient algorithms for geometric optimization , 1998, CSUR.

[191]  Richard M. Murray,et al.  On a stochastic sensor selection algorithm with applications in sensor scheduling and sensor coverage , 2006, Autom..

[192]  Kevin M. Passino,et al.  Distributed Task Assignment for Mobile Agents , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[193]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Adaptive beacon placement , 2001, Proceedings 21st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.

[194]  Stephen P. Boyd Convex optimization of graph Laplacian eigenvalues , 2006 .

[195]  L. Dubins On Curves of Minimal Length with a Constraint on Average Curvature, and with Prescribed Initial and Terminal Positions and Tangents , 1957 .

[196]  S. Shankar Sastry,et al.  Tracking and Coordination of Multiple Agents Using Sensor Networks: System Design, Algorithms and Experiments , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[197]  Godfried T. Toussaint,et al.  Relative neighborhood graphs and their relatives , 1992, Proc. IEEE.

[198]  Xiang-Yang Li,et al.  Algorithmic, geometric and graphs issues in wireless networks , 2003, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[199]  Richard M. Murray,et al.  Distributed algorithms for cooperative control , 2004, IEEE Pervasive Computing.

[200]  D. Angeli Intrinsic robustness of global asymptotic stability , 1999 .

[201]  J. Hespanha,et al.  Hybrid systems: Generalized solutions and robust stability , 2004 .

[202]  Ronald C. Arkin,et al.  An Behavior-based Robotics , 1998 .

[203]  John N. Tsitsiklis,et al.  Parallel and distributed computation , 1989 .

[204]  Minghui Zhu,et al.  Dynamic average consensus on synchronous communication networks , 2008, 2008 American Control Conference.

[205]  Gabriel Zachmann,et al.  Geometric data structures for computer graphics , 2002, Eurographics.

[206]  Swaroop Darbha,et al.  A Resource Allocation Algorithm for Multi-Vehicle Systems with Non holnomic Constraints , 2005 .

[207]  Gaurav S. Sukhatme,et al.  Coverage, Exploration and Deployment by a Mobile Robot and Communication Network , 2004, Telecommun. Syst..

[208]  Ümit Özgüner,et al.  Motion planning for multitarget surveillance with mobile sensor agents , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[209]  Jorge Cortés,et al.  Safe graph rearrangements for distributed connectivity of robotic networks , 2007, 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[210]  Mehran Mesbahi,et al.  Agreement over random networks , 2004, 2004 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37601).

[211]  Pierre A. Humblet,et al.  A Distributed Algorithm for Minimum-Weight Spanning Trees , 1983, TOPL.

[212]  H. Poincaré,et al.  Percolation ? , 1982 .

[213]  Gert Vegter,et al.  In handbook of discrete and computational geometry , 1997 .

[214]  M. Egerstedt,et al.  On the regularization of Zeno hybrid automata , 1999 .

[215]  Daniel Liberzon,et al.  Rendezvous without coordinates , 2008, 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[216]  L. Moreau,et al.  Stability of continuous-time distributed consensus algorithms , 2004, 2004 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37601).

[217]  Vijay Kumar,et al.  Leader-to-formation stability , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation.

[218]  J.K. Hedrick,et al.  Distributed collaboration with limited communication using mission state estimates , 2006, 2006 American Control Conference.

[219]  Roy S. Smith,et al.  Closed-Loop Dynamics of Cooperative Vehicle Formations With Parallel Estimators and Communication , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[220]  Andrey V. Savkin,et al.  Coordinated collective motion of Groups of autonomous mobile robots: analysis of Vicsek's model , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[221]  Richard M. Murray,et al.  Consensus problems in networks of agents with switching topology and time-delays , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[222]  Sonia Martínez,et al.  Distributed Interpolation Schemes for Field Estimation by Mobile Sensor Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[223]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  A ladybug exploration strategy for distributed adaptive coverage control , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[224]  Mark W. Spong,et al.  On Exponential Synchronization of Kuramoto Oscillators , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[225]  Ali Jadbabaie,et al.  Decentralized Control of Connectivity for Multi-Agent Systems , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[226]  Antonio Bicchi,et al.  Decentralized Cooperative Policy for Conflict Resolution in Multivehicle Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[227]  Milos Zefran,et al.  Performing coverage on nonconvex domains , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications.

[228]  Vladimir J. Lumelsky,et al.  Decentralized Motion Planning for Multiple Mobile Robots: The Cocktail Party Model , 1997, Auton. Robots.

[229]  Jie Lin,et al.  Coordination of groups of mobile autonomous agents using nearest neighbor rules , 2003, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[230]  Ruggero Carli,et al.  Quantized Coordination Algorithms for Rendezvous and Deployment , 2009, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[231]  Steven V. Viscido,et al.  Self-Organized Fish Schools: An Examination of Emergent Properties , 2002, The Biological Bulletin.

[232]  Lynne E. Parker,et al.  Robot Teams: From Diversity to Polymorphism , 2002 .

[233]  Rafael Fierro,et al.  Mobile robotic sensors for perimeter detection and tracking. , 2007, ISA transactions.

[234]  Rainer Hegselmann,et al.  Opinion dynamics and bounded confidence: models, analysis and simulation , 2002, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[235]  Joseph O'Rourke,et al.  Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry, Second Edition , 1997 .

[236]  Brian D. O. Anderson,et al.  A Theory of Network Localization , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[237]  Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate,et al.  Analysis of coordination in multi-agent systems through partial difference equations , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[238]  J. P. Lasalle Some Extensions of Liapunov's Second Method , 1960 .

[239]  J. Cortes,et al.  Coverage control by robotic networks with limited-range anisotropic sensory , 2008, 2008 American Control Conference.

[240]  Richard L. Tweedie,et al.  Markov Chains and Stochastic Stability , 1993, Communications and Control Engineering Series.

[241]  Ronald L. Rivest,et al.  Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition , 2001 .

[242]  Naomi Ehrich Leonard,et al.  Generating contour plots using multiple sensor platforms , 2005, Proceedings 2005 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, 2005. SIS 2005..

[243]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  Maintaining limited-range connectivity among second-order agents , 2006 .

[244]  Alfred M. Bruckstein,et al.  Ants, Crickets and Frogs in Cyclic Pursuit , 1991 .

[245]  D.A. Castanon,et al.  Distributed algorithms for dynamic reassignment , 2003, 42nd IEEE International Conference on Decision and Control (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37475).

[246]  Kristi A. Morgansen,et al.  Discrete time Kuramoto models with delay , 2006 .

[247]  Hassan K. Khalil,et al.  Nonlinear Systems Third Edition , 2008 .

[248]  B. Bassler,et al.  Quorum sensing in bacteria. , 2001, Annual review of microbiology.

[249]  Giuseppe Notarstefano,et al.  Maintaining limited-range connectivity among second-order agents , 2006, 2006 American Control Conference.

[250]  Gerardo Lafferriere,et al.  Decentralized control of vehicle formations , 2005, Syst. Control. Lett..

[251]  R. Sepulchre,et al.  Oscillator Models and Collective Motion , 2007, IEEE Control Systems.

[252]  E. Seneta Non-negative Matrices and Markov Chains , 2008 .

[253]  P. Holmes,et al.  Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields , 1983, Applied Mathematical Sciences.

[254]  Noa Agmon,et al.  Fault-tolerant gathering algorithms for autonomous mobile robots , 2004, SODA '04.

[255]  Chai-Keong Toh,et al.  Ad hoc mobile wireless networks : protocols and systems , 2002 .

[256]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  Traveling Salesperson Problems for the Dubins Vehicle , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[257]  Gordon F. Royle,et al.  Algebraic Graph Theory , 2001, Graduate texts in mathematics.

[258]  J. Wolfowitz Products of indecomposable, aperiodic, stochastic matrices , 1963 .

[259]  Maurizio Porfiri,et al.  Consensus Seeking Over Random Weighted Directed Graphs , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[260]  R. Fierro,et al.  Cooperative hybrid control of robotic sensors for perimeter detection and tracking , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005, American Control Conference, 2005..

[261]  Eric Klavins,et al.  A grammatical approach to self-organizing robotic systems , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[262]  Reza Olfati-Saber,et al.  Consensus and Cooperation in Networked Multi-Agent Systems , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[263]  A. Ōkubo Dynamical aspects of animal grouping: swarms, schools, flocks, and herds. , 1986, Advances in biophysics.

[264]  George Cybenko,et al.  Dynamic Load Balancing for Distributed Memory Multiprocessors , 1989, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[265]  Sonia Martinez,et al.  Deployment algorithms for a power‐constrained mobile sensor network , 2010 .

[266]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  Monotonic Target Assignment for Robotic Networks , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[267]  Andrzej Pelc,et al.  Collective tree exploration , 2004, Networks.

[268]  Richard M. Murray,et al.  Approximate distributed Kalman filtering in sensor networks with quantifiable performance , 2005, IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2005..

[269]  Mac Schwager,et al.  Decentralized, Adaptive Control for Coverage with Networked Robots , 2007, Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[270]  Alan F. T. Winfield,et al.  Distributed Sensing and Data Collection via Broken Ad Hoc Wireless Connected Networks of Mobile Robots , 2000, DARS.

[271]  Nicola Santoro,et al.  Distributed Computations by Autonomous Mobile Robots , 2001, SOFSEM.

[272]  Mac Schwager,et al.  Decentralized, Adaptive Coverage Control for Networked Robots , 2009, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[273]  Gaurav S. Sukhatme,et al.  Constrained coverage for mobile sensor networks , 2004, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004.

[274]  Mireille E. Broucke,et al.  Curve Shortening and the Rendezvous Problem for Mobile Autonomous Robots , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[275]  Moshe Tennenholtz,et al.  Artificial Social Systems , 1992, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[276]  Wei Ren,et al.  Information consensus in multivehicle cooperative control , 2007, IEEE Control Systems.

[277]  Jorge Cortés,et al.  Distributed algorithms for reaching consensus on general functions , 2008, Autom..

[278]  Val Pinciu,et al.  A Coloring Algorithm for Finding Connected Guards in Art Galleries , 2003, DMTCS.

[279]  George J. Pappas,et al.  Controlling Connectivity of Dynamic Graphs , 2005, Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[280]  Howie Choset,et al.  Coverage for robotics – A survey of recent results , 2001, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.

[281]  Christos G. Cassandras,et al.  Introduction to Discrete Event Systems, Second Edition , 2008 .

[282]  E. Seneta,et al.  Towards consensus: some convergence theorems on repeated averaging , 1977, Journal of Applied Probability.

[283]  Rodolphe Sepulchre,et al.  Geometry and Symmetries in Coordination Control , 2009 .

[284]  Naomi Ehrich Leonard,et al.  Stabilization of Planar Collective Motion: All-to-All Communication , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[285]  Shreyas Sundaram,et al.  Distributed function calculation and consensus using linear iterative strategies , 2008, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[286]  J.N. Tsitsiklis,et al.  Convergence in Multiagent Coordination, Consensus, and Flocking , 2005, Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[287]  Hajime Asama Distributed Autonomous Robotic System Configurated with Multiple Agents and Its Cooperative Behaviors , 1992, J. Robotics Mechatronics.

[288]  Luc Moreau Time-dependent unidirectional communication in multi-agent systems , 2003 .

[289]  T. J. Roper,et al.  Group decision-making in animals , 2003, Nature.

[290]  Masafumi Yamashita,et al.  Distributed memoryless point convergence algorithm for mobile robots with limited visibility , 1999, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[291]  R. Srikant,et al.  Quantized Consensus , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory.

[292]  Nicola Santoro,et al.  Gathering of Asynchronous Oblivious Robots with Limited Visibility , 2001, STACS.

[293]  Kim-Chuan Toh,et al.  Solving semidefinite-quadratic-linear programs using SDPT3 , 2003, Math. Program..

[294]  D. T. Lee,et al.  Computational complexity of art gallery problems , 1986, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[295]  Randal W. Beard,et al.  Consensus seeking in multiagent systems under dynamically changing interaction topologies , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[296]  B. Anderson,et al.  Directed graphs for the analysis of rigidity and persistence in autonomous agent systems , 2007 .

[297]  Godfried T. Toussaint Computational morphology : a computational geometric approach to the analysis of form , 1988 .

[298]  Stephan Eidenbenz,et al.  Inapproximability Results for Guarding Polygons and Terrains , 2001, Algorithmica.

[299]  Karl Henrik Johansson,et al.  Dynamical properties of hybrid automata , 2003, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[300]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  Distributed boundary estimation and monitoring , 2007 .

[301]  Jorge Cortés,et al.  Finite-time convergent gradient flows with applications to network consensus , 2006, Autom..

[302]  J. Marsden,et al.  A mathematical introduction to fluid mechanics , 1979 .

[303]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  Traveling Salesperson Problems for a Double Integrator , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[304]  Brian D. O. Anderson,et al.  The Multi-Agent Rendezvous Problem. Part 1: The Synchronous Case , 2007, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[305]  Mark Lanthier,et al.  Calculating the Meeting Point of Scattered Robots on Weighted Terrain Surfaces , 2005, CATS.

[306]  Eduardo D. Sontag,et al.  Mathematical Control Theory: Deterministic Finite Dimensional Systems , 1990 .

[307]  Dongjun Lee,et al.  Stable Flocking of Multiple Inertial Agents on Balanced Graphs , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[308]  Emilio Frazzoli,et al.  On synchronous robotic networks Part I: Models, tasks and complexity notions , 2007, Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[309]  P. S. Krishnaprasad,et al.  Steering laws for motion camouflage , 2005, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[310]  Dirk A. Lorenz,et al.  On Conditions for Convergence to Consensus , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[311]  Jonathan P. How,et al.  Robust Decentralized Task Assignment for Cooperative UAVs , 2006 .

[312]  Francesco Bullo,et al.  Coordination and Geometric Optimization via Distributed Dynamical Systems , 2003, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[313]  Aimee F. Campbell,et al.  Use of Trill Vocalizations To Coordinate Troop Movement Among White-Faced Capuchins: a Second Field Test , 1995 .

[314]  Madhav V. Marathe,et al.  Algorithmic Aspects of Topology Control Problems for Ad Hoc Networks , 2002, MobiHoc '02.

[315]  Chai Wah Wu,et al.  Synchronization and convergence of linear dynamics in random directed networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[316]  Chi-Tsong Chen,et al.  Linear System Theory and Design , 1995 .

[317]  M. F.,et al.  Bibliography , 1985, Experimental Gerontology.

[318]  Jorge Cortés,et al.  Distributed Kriged Kalman Filter for Spatial Estimation , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[319]  Yoshiki Kuramoto,et al.  Self-entrainment of a population of coupled non-linear oscillators , 1975 .

[320]  Masafumi Yamashita,et al.  Distributed Anonymous Mobile Robots: Formation of Geometric Patterns , 1999, SIAM J. Comput..

[321]  John Baillieul,et al.  Information patterns and Hedging Brockett's theorem in controlling vehicle formations , 2003, 42nd IEEE International Conference on Decision and Control (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37475).

[322]  Randy A. Freeman,et al.  Multi-Agent Coordination by Decentralized Estimation and Control , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[323]  David Tse,et al.  Fundamentals of Wireless Communication , 2005 .

[324]  Herbert G. Tanner,et al.  Complex Networked Control Systems: Introduction to the Special Section , 2007 .

[325]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  A scheme for robust distributed sensor fusion based on average consensus , 2005, IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2005..

[326]  Jean-Daniel Boissonnat,et al.  Smooth surface reconstruction via natural neighbour interpolation of distance functions , 2000, SCG '00.

[327]  Sandro Zampieri,et al.  Average consensus with packet drop communication , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[328]  Sonia Martínez,et al.  Gradient algorithms for polygonal approximation of convex contours , 2009, Autom..

[329]  David Angeli,et al.  Stability of leaderless discrete-time multi-agent systems , 2006, Math. Control. Signals Syst..

[330]  Kevin M. Passino,et al.  Biomimicry for Optimization, Control and Automation , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.