Non-Linear Control Strategies for Musculoskeletal Robots

Recently, focus has shifted to more human-friendly robots, especially in the field of service or rehabilitation robotics, where research aims at bringing robots into increasingly unstructured environments. In this work, modern techniques from non-linear control are employed to develop a control framework for the class of musculoskeletal robots. The developed control framework, comprising several different controller types, was evaluated on a robot arm that was developed to cover the control challenges of this type of robot.

[1]  Masayuki Inaba,et al.  Pedaling by a redundant musculo-skeletal humanoid robot , 2005, 5th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, 2005..

[2]  Ethem Alpaydin,et al.  Introduction to machine learning , 2004, Adaptive computation and machine learning.

[3]  Rob Knight,et al.  ECCE1: The first of a series of anthropomimetic musculoskeletal upper torsos , 2010, 2010 10th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.

[4]  Mitsuo Kawato,et al.  Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning , 1999, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[5]  Patrizio Tomei,et al.  A method to design adaptive controllers for flexible joint robots , 1992, Proceedings 1992 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[6]  A. Schwab,et al.  HOW TO DRAW EULER ANGLES AND UTILIZE EULER PARAMETERS , 2006 .

[7]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  Learning representations by back-propagating errors , 1986, Nature.

[8]  Alois Knoll,et al.  CALIPER: A universal robot simulation framework for tendon-driven robots , 2011, 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[9]  S. Ge,et al.  Adaptive friction compensation of servo mechanisms , 1999, Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (Cat. No.99CH36328).

[10]  Dean Karnopp,et al.  Computer simulation of stick-slip friction in mechanical dynamic systems , 1985 .

[11]  Oskar von Stryk,et al.  Detailed dynamics modeling of BioBiped's monoarticular and biarticular tendon-driven actuation system , 2012, 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[12]  Stephen C. Jacobsen,et al.  Antagonistic control of a tendon driven manipulator , 1989, Proceedings, 1989 International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[13]  George B. Dantzig,et al.  Linear programming and extensions , 1965 .

[14]  Alin Albu-Schäffer,et al.  Safety Evaluation of Physical Human-Robot Interaction via Crash-Testing , 2007, Robotics: Science and Systems.

[15]  Alois Knoll,et al.  Calibration of a physics-based model of an anthropomimetic robot using Evolution Strategies , 2012, 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[16]  P. Rochat Self-perception and action in infancy , 1998, Experimental Brain Research.

[17]  Junichi Urata,et al.  Design methodology for the thorax and shoulder of human mimetic musculoskeletal humanoid Kenshiro -a thorax structure with rib like surface - , 2012, 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[18]  Masayuki Inaba,et al.  Development of musculoskeletal humanoid Kotaro , 2006, Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006..

[19]  Rogelio Lozano,et al.  Global tracking controllers for flexible-joint manipulators: a comparative study , 1995, Autom..

[20]  Gianluca Palli Model and control of tendon actuated robots , 2007 .

[21]  Hiroaki Kobayashi,et al.  On Tendon-Driven Robotic Mechanisms with Redundant Tendons , 1998, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[22]  V. Arnold Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics , 1974 .

[23]  Scott L Delp,et al.  Generating dynamic simulations of movement using computed muscle control. , 2003, Journal of biomechanics.

[24]  Robert Platt,et al.  Applied joint-space torque and stiffness control of tendon-driven fingers , 2010, 2010 10th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.

[25]  Stephen C. Jacobsen,et al.  Design of the Utah/M.I.T. Dextrous Hand , 1986, Proceedings. 1986 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[26]  Klaus-Robert Müller,et al.  Efficient BackProp , 2012, Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade.

[27]  Kurt Hornik,et al.  Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators , 1989, Neural Networks.

[28]  Darwin G. Caldwell,et al.  Control of pneumatic muscle actuators , 1995 .

[29]  Dan Wang,et al.  Neural network-based adaptive dynamic surface control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems in strict-feedback form , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[30]  Yasuo Kuniyoshi,et al.  Biomechanical Approach to Open-Loop Bipedal Running with a Musculoskeletal Athlete Robot , 2012, Adv. Robotics.

[31]  Katsu Yamane,et al.  Robot Kinematics and Dynamics for Modeling the Human Body , 2007, ISRR.

[32]  Suguru Arimoto,et al.  Human-like movements of robotic arms with redundant DOFs: virtual spring-damper hypothesis to tackle the Bernstein problem , 2006, Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006..

[33]  Andreas Steininger,et al.  The design of a fail-silent processing node for the predictable hard real-time system MARS , 1993, Distributed Syst. Eng..

[34]  Chi-Sang Poon,et al.  Internal models in sensorimotor integration: perspectives from adaptive control theory , 2005, Journal of neural engineering.

[35]  Shuzhi Sam Ge,et al.  Direct adaptive NN control of a class of nonlinear systems , 2002, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[36]  J. Kenneth Salisbury,et al.  Articulated Hands , 1982 .

[37]  Benjamin C. Kuo,et al.  AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS , 1962, Universum:Technical sciences.

[38]  Masayuki Inaba,et al.  Lower thigh design of detailed musculoskeletal humanoid “Kenshiro” , 2012, 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[39]  Alin Albu-Schäffer,et al.  Soft robotics , 2008, IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine.

[40]  Koh Hosoda,et al.  Anthropomorphic Muscular–Skeletal Robotic Upper Limb for Understanding Embodied Intelligence , 2012, Adv. Robotics.

[41]  Slobodan N. Vukosavic Modeling and Supplying DC Machines , 2013 .

[42]  Alois Knoll,et al.  Distributed control for an anthropomimetic robot , 2010, 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[43]  G. Oriolo,et al.  Robotics: Modelling, Planning and Control , 2008 .

[44]  Gene F. Franklin,et al.  Digital control of dynamic systems , 1980 .

[45]  Ian D. Walker,et al.  Task-space tracking control of robot manipulators via quaternion feedback , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation.

[46]  Stephen P. DeWeerth,et al.  Biologically Inspired Joint Stiffness Control , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[47]  Martin Otter,et al.  Modeling and Simulating the Efficiency of Gearboxes and of Planetary Gearboxes , 2002 .

[48]  Alin Albu-Schäffer,et al.  On the Passivity-Based Impedance Control of Flexible Joint Robots , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[49]  G. J. van Ingen Schenau,et al.  Role of Mono- and Biarticular Muscles in Explosive Movements , 1984, International journal of sports medicine.

[50]  Fumiya Iida,et al.  New Robotics: Design Principles for Intelligent Systems , 2005, Artificial Life.

[51]  Lin Tian,et al.  Robust adaptive control of flexible joint robots with joint torque feedback , 1995, Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[52]  Alois Knoll,et al.  Toward Anthropomimetic Robotics: Development, Simulation, and Control of a Musculoskeletal Torso , 2013, Artificial Life.

[53]  Ken Shoemake,et al.  Animating rotation with quaternion curves , 1985, SIGGRAPH.

[54]  Nicolas Y. Masse,et al.  Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm , 2012, Nature.

[55]  Scott L. Delp,et al.  A Model of the Upper Extremity for Simulating Musculoskeletal Surgery and Analyzing Neuromuscular Control , 2005, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[56]  Anders Green,et al.  Social and collaborative aspects of interaction with a service robot , 2003, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[57]  Frank L. Lewis,et al.  Reinforcement learning and optimal adaptive control: An overview and implementation examples , 2012, Annu. Rev. Control..

[58]  Sadao Kawamura,et al.  High-speed manipulation by using parallel wire-driven robots , 2000, Robotica.

[59]  Gerd Hirzinger,et al.  Feedback linearization and simultaneous stiffness-position control of robots with antagonistic actuated joints , 2007, Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[60]  Alin Albu-Schaffer,et al.  Adaptive friction compensation in trajectory tracking control of DLR medical robots with elastic joints , 2012, 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[61]  Suguru Arimoto,et al.  On control of reaching movements for musculo-skeletal redundant arm model , 2009 .

[62]  Jan Peters,et al.  Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Policy Search for Motor Primitives in Robotics , 2022 .

[63]  A. Albu-Schäffer Regelung von Robotern mit elastischen Gelenken am Beispiel der DLR-Leichtbauarme , 2002 .

[64]  Alexander Verl,et al.  The QuadHelix-Drive - An improved rope actuator for robotic applications , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[65]  Ricardo G. Sanfelice,et al.  Quaternion-Based Hybrid Control for Robust Global Attitude Tracking , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[66]  Shuzhi Sam Ge,et al.  Direct adaptive neural network control of robots , 1996, Int. J. Syst. Sci..

[67]  Jean-Jacques E. Slotine,et al.  Adaptive manipulator control: A case study , 1988 .

[68]  Jin S. Lee,et al.  Control of flexible joint robot system by backstepping design approach , 1997, Proceedings of International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[69]  Sethu Vijayakumar,et al.  Adaptive Optimal Feedback Control with Learned Internal Dynamics Models , 2010, From Motor Learning to Interaction Learning in Robots.

[70]  Swaroop Darbha,et al.  Dynamic surface control for a class of nonlinear systems , 2000, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[71]  M. Bobbert,et al.  The unique action of bi-articular muscles in complex movements. , 1987, Journal of anatomy.

[72]  Yasuo Kuniyoshi,et al.  Athlete Robot with applied human muscle activation patterns for bipedal running , 2010, 2010 10th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.

[73]  Hitoshi Kino,et al.  Iterative learning control for a redundant musculoskeletal arm: Acquisition of adequate internal force , 2010, 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[74]  Masayuki Inaba,et al.  An advanced musculoskeletal humanoid Kojiro , 2007, 2007 7th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.

[75]  Carlos Canudas de Wit,et al.  Friction Models and Friction Compensation , 1998, Eur. J. Control.

[76]  Tomaso A. Poggio,et al.  Extensions of a Theory of Networks for Approximation and Learning , 1990, NIPS.

[77]  Roland Siegwart,et al.  The hand of the DLR Hand Arm System: Designed for interaction , 2012, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[78]  Yasuo Kuniyoshi,et al.  Mowgli: A Bipedal Jumping and Landing Robot with an Artificial Musculoskeletal System , 2007, Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[79]  Donald Goldfarb,et al.  A numerically stable dual method for solving strictly convex quadratic programs , 1983, Math. Program..

[80]  Sethu Vijayakumar,et al.  Learning impedance control of antagonistic systems based on stochastic optimization principles , 2011, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[81]  Wan Kyun Chung,et al.  Stiffness control of a coupled tendon-driven robot hand , 1994 .

[82]  O.-E. Fjellstad,et al.  Quaternion feedback regulation of underwater vehicles , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Control and Applications.

[83]  Owen Holland,et al.  Controlling an Anthropomimetic Robot: A Preliminary Investigation , 2007, ECAL.

[84]  Guido Herrmann,et al.  Practical implementation of a neural network controller in a hard disk drive , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[85]  Ryo Kurazume,et al.  Iterative learning control for a musculoskeletal arm: Utilizing multiple space variables to improve the robustness , 2012, 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[86]  Koichi Koganezawa,et al.  Stiffness control of multi-DOF joint , 2009, 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[87]  P. Wolfe THE SIMPLEX METHOD FOR QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING , 1959 .

[88]  Phillip J. McKerrow,et al.  Introduction to robotics , 1991 .

[89]  Paul J. Werbos,et al.  Backpropagation Through Time: What It Does and How to Do It , 1990, Proc. IEEE.

[90]  Andre Gaschler Visual Motion Capturing for Kinematic Model Estimation of a Humanoid Robot , 2011, DAGM-Symposium.

[91]  Hitoshi Kino,et al.  Iterative Learning Scheme for a Redundant Musculoskeletal Arm: Task Space Learning with Joint and Muscle Redundancies , 2010, BWCCA.

[92]  Charles L. Lawson,et al.  Solving least squares problems , 1976, Classics in applied mathematics.

[93]  Jin Bae Park,et al.  Adaptive Dynamic Surface Control for Stabilization of Parametric Strict-Feedback Nonlinear Systems With Unknown Time Delays , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[94]  W. H. Young On Classes of Summable Functions and their Fourier Series , 1912 .

[95]  Karl Johan Åström,et al.  Adaptive Control , 1989, Embedded Digital Control with Microcontrollers.

[96]  Hiroaki Kobayashi,et al.  Adaptive neural network control of tendon-driven mechanisms with elastic tendons , 2003, Autom..

[97]  Oussama Khatib,et al.  The control of kinematically constrained shoulder complexes: physiological and humanoid examples , 2006, Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006..

[98]  Alois Knoll,et al.  A scalable joint-space controller for musculoskeletal robots with spherical joints , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics.

[99]  D. Gentry Steele,et al.  The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton , 1988 .

[100]  Hong Liu,et al.  Multisensory five-finger dexterous hand: The DLR/HIT Hand II , 2008, 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[101]  Fel'dman Ag On the functional tuning of the nervous system in movement control or preservation of stationary pose. II. Adjustable parameters in muscles , 1966 .

[102]  Mark W. Spong,et al.  Adaptive control of flexible joint manipulators: Comments on two papers , 1995, Autom..

[103]  Hitoshi Kino,et al.  Basic study of biarticular muscle's effect on muscular internal force control based on physiological hypotheses , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[104]  John S. Wilson,et al.  Sensor Technology Handbook , 2004 .

[105]  R. A. Brooks,et al.  Intelligence without Representation , 1991, Artif. Intell..

[106]  Hong Liu,et al.  Experimental study on impedance control for the five-finger dexterous robot hand DLR-HIT II , 2010, 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[107]  Alin Albu-Schäffer,et al.  Dynamic modelling and control of variable stiffness actuators , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[108]  Rob Knight,et al.  The Anthropomimetic Principle , 2006 .

[109]  Nasser M. Nasrabadi,et al.  Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning , 2006, Technometrics.